Portuguese children dietary exposure to multiple mycotoxins – An overview of risk assessment under MYCOMIX project

Assunção, Ricardo; Martins, Carla; Vasco, Elsa; Jager, Alessandra Vincenzi; Oliveira, Carlos Augusto Fernandes de; Cunha, Sara C.; Fernandes, José O.; Nunes, Baltazar; Loureiro, Susana; Alvito, Paula

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.040

Cited by 59 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In Romania, the dietary exposure of DON in wheat-based products for direct human consumption was 669 ng/kg bw/day (LB), and 690 ng/kg bw/day (UB) in the adult population [43]. However, in Portugal the mean of daily intake of DON was 53.9 ng/kg bw/day in children under three years of age, through the consumption of three groups of cereal based products (breakfast cereals, infant cereals and biscuits) [44]. The average weight = 60 (kg).…”

Section: Dietary Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat, Corn and Its Products and Estimation of Dietary Intake

Iqbal

Usman

Razis

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The main goal of the present research was to explore the seasonal variation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat, corn, and their products, collected during 2018–2019. Samples of 449 of wheat and products and 270 samples of corn and their products were examined using reverse-phase liquid chromatography with a UV detector. The findings of the present work showed that 104 (44.8%) samples of wheat and products from the summer season, and 91 (41.9%) samples from winter season were contaminated with DON (concentration limit of detections (LOD) to 2145 µg/kg and LOD to 2050 µg/kg), from summer and winter seasons, respectively. In corn and products, 87 (61.2%) samples from summer and 57 (44.5%) samples from winter season were polluted with DON with levels ranging from LOD to 2967 µg/kg and LOD to 2490 µg/kg, from the summer and winter season, respectively. The highest dietary intake of DON was determined in wheat flour 8.84 µg/kg body weight/day from the summer season, and 7.21 µg/kg body weight/day from the winter season. The findings of the work argued the need to implement stringent guidelines and create awareness among farmers, stakeholders, and traders of the harmful effect of DON. It is mostly observed that cereal crops are transported and stockpiled in jute bags, which may absorb moisture from the environment and produce favorable conditions for fungal growth. Therefore, these crops must store in polyethylene bags during transportation and storage, and moisture should be controlled. It is highly desirable to use those varieties that are more resistant to fungi attack. Humidity and moisture levels need to be controlled during storage and transportation.

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Section: Dietary Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat, Corn and Its Products and Estimation of Dietary Intake

Iqbal

Usman

Razis

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…These authors concluded that more restrictive limits of mycotoxins in food for children are needed [3]. More recently, Assunção et al (2018) [32] concluded that Portuguese children's food was contaminated with several mycotoxins, especially by AFs. Another study of these authors showed that the co-occurrence of PAT and OTA in food samples in Portugal could have a major impact on intestinal health [33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Exposure to Mycotoxins in Spanish Children through the Analysis of Their Levels in Plasma Samples

Arce-López

Lizarraga

Mesa

et al. 2021

Toxins

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: In this study, we present, for the first time in Spain, the levels of 19 mycotoxins in plasma samples from healthy and sick children (digestive, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorders) (n = 79, aged 2–16). The samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (triple quadrupole) (LC-MS/MS). To detect Phase II metabolites, the samples were reanalyzed after pre-treatment with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase. The most prevalent mycotoxin was ochratoxin A (OTA) in all groups of children, before and after enzyme treatment. In healthy children, the incidence of OTA was 92.5% in both cases and higher than in sick children before (36.7% in digestive disorders, 50% in ASD, and 14.3% in ADHD) and also after the enzymatic treatment (76.6 % in digestive disorders, 50% in ASD, and 85.7% in ADHD). OTA levels increased in over 40% of healthy children after enzymatic treatment, and this increase in incidence and levels was also observed in all sick children. This suggests the presence of OTA conjugates in plasma. In addition, differences in OTA metabolism may be assumed. OTA levels are higher in healthy children, even after enzymatic treatment (mean OTA value for healthy children 3.29 ng/mL, 1.90 ng/mL for digestive disorders, 1.90 ng/mL for ASD, and 0.82 ng/mL for ADHD). Ochratoxin B appears only in the samples of healthy children with a low incidence (11.4%), always co-occurring with OTA. Sterigmatocystin (STER) was detected after enzymatic hydrolysis with a high incidence in all groups, especially in sick children (98.7% in healthy children and 100% in patients). This supports glucuronidation as a pathway for STER metabolism in children. Although other mycotoxins were studied (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1; T-2 and HT-2 toxins; deoxynivalenol, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol; zearalenone; nivalenol; fusarenon-X; neosolaniol; and diacetoxyscirpenol), they were not detected either before or after enzymatic treatment in any of the groups of children. In conclusion, OTA and STER should be highly considered in the risk assessment of mycotoxins. Studies concerning their sources of exposure, toxicokinetics, and the relationship between plasma levels and toxic effects are of utmost importance in children.

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“…Unfortunately, the availability of mycotoxin data for baby foods is rather limited in the recent years in Europe. In the present decade, there have been few surveys on the occurrence of aflatoxins and DON in infant foods in Europe [11,12,13,14,15,16]. In Spain, Hernández and Navarro [12] analyzed 91 baby food samples for aflatoxins and found 66 positive (72.5%), of which 7 samples (7.7%) exceeded the maximum level of 0.10 µg/kg for aflatoxin B1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxins and Deoxynivalenol in Cereal-Based Baby Foods for Infants

Herrera

Bervis

Carramiñana

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Aflatoxins are carcinogenic to humans and deoxynivalenol causes digestive disorders, and both mycotoxins occur frequently in cereal-based foods. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence and levels of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in cereal-based baby foods as well as to calculate the estimated daily intakes (EDI) in different stages of infancy. Sixty samples of infant cereals (wheat-, corn-, rice-, oat-, and mixed grain-based) were collected during a 2-year period and analyzed by validated methods. Aflatoxins were detected in 12 samples (20%), six of which exceeded the EU maximum level for aflatoxin B1 set at 0.10 µg/kg. Deoxynivalenol appeared in 20% of baby food samples, with one sample exceeding the EU maximum level established at 200 µg/kg. There were no significant differences between gluten-free products for babies aged 4–6 months and multi-cereal products for infants aged 7–12 months, nor between whole-grain-based and refined ingredients. However, baby food products of organic origin showed significantly higher levels of deoxynivalenol than conventional ones (p < 0.05). It is proposed for the health protection of infants and young children, a vulnerable group, to establish the lowest maximum level for the sum of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) in baby food.

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Portuguese children dietary exposure to multiple mycotoxins – An overview of risk assessment under MYCOMIX project

Cited by 59 publications

References 47 publications

Assessment of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat, Corn and Its Products and Estimation of Dietary Intake

Assessment of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat, Corn and Its Products and Estimation of Dietary Intake

Assessment of Exposure to Mycotoxins in Spanish Children through the Analysis of Their Levels in Plasma Samples

Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxins and Deoxynivalenol in Cereal-Based Baby Foods for Infants

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