“…While outdoor spaces denote geographical spaces at large, they are generally much less constrained than indoor spaces, as indeed a building generally has a well-designed set of rooms and corridors that denote some functional relations. While human movements in outdoor spaces can be easily tracked using GPS-based devices, there is a need in indoor spaces for some specific location-aware devices such as WiFi or RFID sensors (Stojanovic, Barshan, Papadopoulos, Van de Weghe, & Claramunt, 2015). Data integration between trajectory data from multiple devices, spatial data and other data can build more comprehensive city profiles (Wang, Bao, Culpepper, 2020).…”