Positive and negative politeness in spoken Lithuanian

Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė, Laura; Vainilavičiūtė, Sandra

doi:10.22601/pet.2018.03.03

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Reikia pasidžiaugti, kad pastaruoju dešimtmečiu atlikti sakytinės lietuvių kalbos tyrimai pasižymi įvairove, yra pagrįsti kiekybinės analizės rezultatais ir objektyviai atspindi sakytinės kalbos ypatybes. Štai Genovaitė Kačiuškienė [11] yra tyrusi tarminių formų vartoseną sakytinėje kalboje, Ineta Dabašinskienė [6] yra atlikusi gramatinių kategorijų dažnumo, deminutyvų [5], gramatinių formų trumpinimo [7] tyrimus, Laura Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė yra analizavusi fleksijų kaitą [14], pertarų dažnumą [15], mandagumo raišką [16], kartu su kolegomis tyrusi būdvardžių vartosenos ypatumus [21], kai kurias sintaksines sakytinės kalbos ypatybes [18; 19; 20], naujųjų skolinių paplitimą [32; 17], Ingrida Balčiūnienė ir Laura Simonavičienė [2] yra aptarusios klausiamuosius pasakymus, Laima Nevinskaitė [25], Ramunė Čičirkaitė [4], Skaistė Aleksandravičiūtė [1], Giedrius Tamaševičius [30; 31] -žiniasklaidos kalbos ypatybes. Tokių tyrimų galimybė atsirado pradėjus kaupti sakytinės kalbos tekstynus, leidžiančius greitai išgauti įvairių gramatinių ar leksinių vienetų dažnumo rezultatus ir vartosenos atvejus.…”

Section: įVadasunclassified

“…Reikia prisiminti, kad ankstesniu sakytinės kalbos tyrimu, kurio metu tirtas 50 000 žodžių šnekamosios kalbos tekstynas, nustatyta, kad dažniausi sakytinės kalbos daiktavardžiai yra kartas, diena, laikas, vieta [6], tačiau šis didesnės apimties tyrimas rodo, kad iš jų tarp dažniausių patenka tik daiktavardžiai diena ir laikas, o dažniausiems daiktavardžiams, būdingiems įvairiems registrams, galėtume taip pat priskirti lemas žmogus ir metai. 5 (44) Įdomus (67) Gražus (27) Geras (48) Gražus (68) Gražus (43) Mažas (61) Senas (24) Gražus (47) Svarbus (63) Šaltas (40) Naujas (57) Mažas (21) Pagrindinis (39) Įdomus (48) Senas (22) Skanus (54) Įdomus (16) Mažas (38) Įvairus (46) Sunkus (21) Fainas (45) Svarbus (15) Įdomus (36) Mažas (45) Naujas (20) Sunkus (42) Ilgas (12) Paprastas (35) Reikalingas (42) Įdomus (19) Svarbus (37) Pilnas (11) Naujas (32) Puikus (32) Sakytinės kalbos registruose vartojamų veiksmažodžių leksinės įvairovės tyrimas, priešingai nei daiktavardžių atveju, skirtumų tarp registrų neatskleidė: šeimyniniame registre leksinės įvairovės rodiklis -0,149, draugiškajame -0,139, patariamajame -0,154, akademiniame -0,141, žiniasklaidos -0,146. Apskritai, lyginant veiksmažodžių leksinės įvairovės rodiklius su daiktavardžių žodingumo rodikliais, matyti, kad veiksmažodžių įvairovė sakytinėje kalboje daug mažesnė.…”

Section: Dažniausi žOdžiai Ir Leksinė įVairovė Sakytinės Kalbos Regisunclassified

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From Daily Conversation to Public Speech: A Quantitative Analysis of Lexical and Grammatical Characteristics of the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian

Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė¹

2019

lituanistica

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The aim of the paper is to describe a variety of different registers of spoken Lithuanian and to discuss and compare their lexical and grammatical characteristics. Thus, in this article we: (1) characterize different registers and genres of spoken Lithuanian; (2) present a distribution of different parts of speech in the Corpus; (3) discuss the lexical diversity; (4) present the most typical inverted order of words; (5) when possible, compare our results with those obtained in written Lithuanian, Quantitative and statistical methods and a methodology of corpus linguistics were employed for the study. The study was based on the data of the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian. During the study, all the conversations stored in the corpus were classified into five registers: academic, mass-media, casual, intimate, and consultative. An analysis of the distribution of different parts of speech revealed that the registers of spontaneous speech (namely, the casual, the intimate, and the consultative registers) did not differ among each other. However, significant differences were revealed between spontaneous and prepared speech: nouns and adjectives were more frequent in academic and mass-media discourse (both of which might be characterized as prepared speech), while adverbs, pronouns, and particles were more often used in spontaneous speech. A comparative analysis confirmed that from the perspective of the distribution of parts of speech the academic and the mass-media registers are the most similar to written language, especially to fictional texts. This might be explained by such characteristics of a fictional text as its stylistic flexibility and a presence of conversations among the personages. An analysis of lexical diversity revealed the only difference among the registers: namely, the index of noun lexical diversity distinguished among the registers, while the indices of adjective and verb lexical diversity were rather similar. Independently of the register, the most frequent verbs were sakyti ‘to say’, žinoti ‘to know’, reikėti ‘to need’, norėti ‘to want’, turėti ‘to have’, galėti ‘to be able’, and būti ‘to be’; the most frequent adjectives were didelis ‘big’, įdomus ‘interesting’, naujas ‘new’, mažas ‘small’, svarbus ‘important’, and įvairus ‘various’; and the most frequent nouns were diena ‘a day’, laikas ‘time’, žmogus ‘a man/human’, and metai ‘a year’. An analysis of the inverted word order revealed that in spontaneous speech (especially in the consultative register) the attributes quite often follow the agreement controllers; subordinate clauses precede the head nouns; and the objects are used at the onset of the clauses. However, the inverted word order was also observed in the prepared speech, that is, the academic and the mass-media registers.

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Section: įVadasunclassified

Section: Dažniausi žOdžiai Ir Leksinė įVairovė Sakytinės Kalbos Regisunclassified

From Daily Conversation to Public Speech: A Quantitative Analysis of Lexical and Grammatical Characteristics of the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian

Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė¹

2019

lituanistica

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“…Pastaruoju metu lietuvių mandagumo raiška tiriama taikant pragmatinę mandagumo koncepciją (žr. Čepaitienė 2007;Hilbig 2009;Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė, Vainilavičiūtė 2018), nors apskritai daugiau atlikta kalbos etiketo tyrimų, kuriuose apibendrinamos lietuvių kalbos etiketo normos ar kalbos kultūros požiūriu teikiami jų vertinimai (žr. Grigas 1969;Kučinskaitė 1990;Malakauskas 1994;Baltrušaitis 1999;Bylaitė-Lapinskienė 2004;Lapinskienė , 2011Šukys 2006: 302-308).…”

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Politeness Speech Acts in the Speech of Children: Pragmatic Mistakes and Acquisition

Kavaliauskaitė-Vilkinienė

2019

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The paper aims to discuss the expression and development of politeness speech acts, i.e. greeting, saying goodbye, thanking, usage of the word please, apology, congratulation and wishes, in the speech of a Lithuanian boy, aged 1;6–2;7, and a girl, aged 1;8–2;8. The source of data contains two corpora of transcribed conversations of the children mostly interacting with their mothers (about 20 and 27 hours of recordings are transcribed). The corpora are developed by scholars of Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania. One of the foci of analysis is to discuss the expression and development of the above-mentioned politeness speech acts and common pragmatic errors regarding the usage of politeness formulas in the children’s speech. Another focus is the investigation of the socialization strategies applied by the parents. Based on the current research by different scholars, the article raises the hypothesis that Lithuanian children in the second or third year of life acquire the majority of politeness speech acts as discussed in this paper. The analysis revealed that at the beginning of the observation children lacked communicative competence to use politeness speech acts in a pragmatically appropriate way. They confused situations when to use politeness formulas of thanking, apology and the word please and lacked the knowledge of how to use politeness adjacency pairs. The study also shows that the repetition of parents’ politeness formulas was common. Furthermore, the appropriate use of spontaneous and pragmatic greeting and saying goodbye was observed first, and only later the usage of thanking and the word please appeared. However, only few examples of other politeness speech acts (i.e. apology, congratulation and wishes) were observed in the corpus. Therefore, further research is necessary. The results demonstrate that at the beginning of the third year the children used most of the politeness speech acts appropriately. An early acquisition was affected by children’s familiarisation with politeness routines taught by their parents. The parents directed and prompted their children to repeat politeness formulas, elicited them by questions or performatives and sometimes taught children to be polite by producing metalinguistic comments. Current research seems to indicate that other Lithuanian children could demonstrate similar developmental patterns of politeness speech acts and make similar pragmatic errors as well as being similarly socialized to use politeness formulas.

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Speaker stance and engagement across disciplines in Lithuanian university lectures: the case of mes ‘we’ in medicine and business administration

Maslauskienė

2023

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To gain a greater understanding of how speakers construct their disciplinary-situated identities and interact with their addressee(s) in Lithuanian spoken academic discourse, this corpus-based exploratory analysis focuses on the use of mes ‘we’ as a marker of stance and engagement in lecturers’ speech in Lithuanian university lectures on business administration and medicine. The data reveals that the lecturers in business administration used only the inclusive mes ‘we’, which is known to promote student involvement and strengthen lecturer-student rapport. The instructors in medicine frequently employed the exclusive reference to indicate their belonging to professional communities and highlight their level of expertise in the discipline, creating a sense of distance between the lecturer and the student audience.

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Positive and negative politeness in spoken Lithuanian

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

From Daily Conversation to Public Speech: A Quantitative Analysis of Lexical and Grammatical Characteristics of the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian

From Daily Conversation to Public Speech: A Quantitative Analysis of Lexical and Grammatical Characteristics of the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian

Politeness Speech Acts in the Speech of Children: Pragmatic Mistakes and Acquisition

Speaker stance and engagement across disciplines in Lithuanian university lectures: the case of mes ‘we’ in medicine and business administration

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