Positive and relaxed selective pressures have both strongly influenced the evolution of cryonotothenioid fishes during their radiation in the freezing Southern Ocean

Abstract

Evolution in the chronic cold of the Southern Ocean has had a profound influence on the physiology of cryonotothenioid fishes. However, the suite of genetic changes underlying the physiological gains and losses in these fishes is still poorly surveyed. Using molecular evolution techniques, this study aimed to identify which functional classes of genes changed during the cryonotothenioid radiation in a polar ocean. The influences of both positive and relaxed selective pressures were isolated following two major physiological transitions: the onset of freezing temperatures, and the loss of hemoproteins. Looking at the influence of cold temperatures, positive selective pressure was most prominently found to act on biosynthetic processes (the machinery of transcription and translation) as well as on protein polymerization, cell adhesion, and cell cycle progression, suggesting these are key challenges to life in freezing waters. Relaxation of selective pressure produced a more complex pattern of change, affecting several homeostatic processes, suggesting their attenuation in cold-stable and oxygen-rich waters, but also seemingly acting as a route to key genetic change behind the morphological and ecological diversification seen in the clade. Finally, while chronic cold-water temperatures appear to have instigated clear genetic change, the loss of hemoproteins led to little observable change relative to their red-blooded relatives. Combined, the influence of positive and relaxed selection show that long-term exposure to cold has led to profound changes in cryonotothenioid genomes, which may make it challenging for them to respond to unpredictable heat waves and to adapt to a rapidly changing climate.

De novo assembly and annotation of the Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) genome

“…This is reflected in physiological differences between the two species whereby in contrast to the Antarctic toothfish, no evidence has been found for the presence of anti-freeze glycoprotein (AFGP) in the blood of the Patagonian toothfish [9] or within its genome [10]. Other, more subtle adaptations of antarctic notothenioids to the Antarctic environment which could potentially be found within the genome of one or both species of toothfish include changes in membrane composition and the structure of protein translocation channels [11,12], in the regulation of molecular chaperones [13][14][15][16][17], in the expression of haemoglobin and regulation of the circadian rhythm [12,[18][19][20], as well as in the structure of microtubules in the cytoplasm [21], though more work is required to obtain a complete picture of all the different ways in which this group has adapted to such cold conditions (see [22] for a recent review).…”