Positive Effect of Water on Zeolite BEA Catalyzed Alkylation of Phenol with Propylene

Reaction pathways in the liquid phase alkylation of biomass‐derived phenolic compounds

“…However, the role it plays in activity is not clear yet. Some authors have highlighted the positive effects of water in reaction rates when using zeolites, either by inhibiting olefin oligomerization or generating additional acid sites . Conversely, hot liquid water can significantly degrade the zeolite crystalline structure, and thus, negatively impact activity .…”

Alkylphenols to phenol and olefins by zeolite catalysis: a pathway to valorize raw and fossilized lignocellulose

“…More specifically for phenols, a study on the zeolite-catalyzed alkylation of phenol with propylene evidenced a clear influence of water. 49 It enhanced activity by 25%, but the nature of the enhancement remains unclear. Similarly, the liquid-phase condensation of formaldehyde with phenol performed using beta zeolites requires the use of externally added water.…”

The alkylation reaction of benzene with methanol to produce toluene: Y-C and Y-CCs catalyst

“…In brief, it is imperative that the technology of methanol-to-benzene reaction to toluene is systematically researched to further implement the coupling cycle development strategy of the coal chemical industry and the petrochemical industry. According to the literature, methylation reactions catalyzed by acidic zeolites are highly important in several transformation processes of hydrocarbons, such as ZSM-5 (7-13), mordenite (8), zeolite Beta (14,15), zeolite X (16), SAPO-5/SAPO-11 (17), NU-87/SSZ-33 (18), MCM-41 (19) and MCM-22 (17,20), as well as Pt (7), Zn, Mg (21), P (11), La, Ce, B-modified (22) zeolite catalysts. As a result, there were great differences in the catalytic activity and selectivity among these zeolites.…”

“…Therefore, seeking a breakthrough, the observed high selectivity of toluene can be attributed to a combination of differences in (1) Acidity (14,22): the catalytic selectivity and activity of zeolites for the aromatics' alkylation mainly depend on the acidity of the catalyst, and the zeolites with less Brönsted acidity could help to minimize the side reaction of methanol; (2) Pore modification (17): the last few decades have brought many reports concerning pore modification of ZSM-5 to enhance para-selectivity adsorption behavior; (3) Diffusivity (23): The presence of two diffusion pathways for aromatic molecules in ZSM-5 has been established. This was possible through rigorous exclusion of potential artifacts resulting from the presence of discrete particle size distributions or heat effects; (4) Si/Al ratio (7): The results indicated that directly adjusting the Si/Al ratio of the catalyst can successfully suppress ethylbenzene formation by suppressing the side reaction of methanol to olefins; (5) Effect of Water (15): most of these alkylation reactions are typically studied in the absence of water, etc. Based on the above, new zeolites with different acidities and structures have been continuously synthesized, and some of them may be more suitable for toluene alkylation with methanol than ZSM-5 zeolites in recent years.…”