Positive Ion Critical Velocity for Nucleation of Quantized Vortices in Isotopically Pure $$^4$$He

Abstract

The critical velocity for the vortex nucleation of positive ions is determined experimentally in isotopically purified $$^4$$ 4 He at temperatures as low as 50 mK. Systematic IV characteristic measurements for a two-dimensional positive ion pool at a depth of 37.6 nm from the surface are carried out with extremely fine control of driving electric fields. The critical velocity of $${\sim }$$ ∼ 32 ms$$^{-1}$$ - 1 at 500 mK decreases with decrease in temperature and approaches a temperature-independent value of $${\sim }$$ ∼ 18 ms$$^{-1}$$ - 1 below 200 mK. The decrease in critical velocity corresponds to the increase in nucleation rate. The temperature dependence of critical velocity is qualitatively attributed to the “superohmic” macroscopic quantum tunneling of the Caldeira–Leggett theory. The reduction in tunneling rate with increase in temperature is evidence for quantum friction.