Positron Emission Tomographic Evaluation of Cerebral Blood Flow During State Anxiety in Simple Phobia

Mountz, James M.; Modell, Jack G.; Wilson, Mark W.; Curtis, George C.; Lee, Myung Ae; Schmaltz, Stephen; Kuhl, David E.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810060021004

Cited by 88 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In the study by O'Caroll et al [13], reductions of the rCBF were reported in right temporal lobe and occipital regions in patients suffering from phobia after anxiety induction. However, in the study by Mountz et al [14], no relationship was found between anxiety and cerebral blood flow. Mathew and Wilson [15] concluded in their review article on anxiety and CBF that the effect of acute anxiety on CBF is highly complex and associated with a number of factors such as arousal, sympathetic tone, CO 2 , etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Pathological Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Opiate-Dependent Patients during Withdrawal: A HMPAO-SPECT Study

et al. 1998

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The aims of the present study were to investigate regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in heroin-dependent patients during withdrawal and to assess the relation between these changes and duration of heroin consumption and withdrawal data. The rCBF was measured using brain SPECT with ^99mTc-HMPAO in 16 heroin-dependent patients during heroin withdrawal. Thirteen patients received levomethadone at the time of the SPECT scans. The images were analyzed both visually and quantitatively. A total of 21 hypoperfused brain regions were observed in 11 of the 16 patients. The temporal lobes were the most affected area, hypoperfusions of the right and left temporal lobe were observed in 5 and 5 patients, respectively. Three of the patients had a hypoperfusion of the right frontal lobe, 2 patients showed perfusion defects in the left frontal lobe, right parietal lobe and left parietal lobe. The results of the quantitative assessments of the rCBF were consistent with the results of the qualitative findings. The stepwise regression analysis showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.54) between the dose of levomethadone at the time of the SPECT scan and the rCBF of the right parietal lobe. Other significant correlations between clinical data and rCBF were not found. The present results suggest brain perfusion abnormalities during heroin withdrawal in heroin-dependent patients, which are not due to the conditions of withdrawal.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Pathological Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Opiate-Dependent Patients during Withdrawal: A HMPAO-SPECT Study

et al. 1998

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“…In a positron emission tomography study, reduced regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was found in the hippocampus, prefrontal, orbitofrontal, temporopolar and posterior cingulate cortex of phobic patients during visual fear induction [37]. However, no differential regional cerebral activation between control subjects and patients during fear and resting states were reported [38,39]. In utilizing functional magnet resonance imaging, the presentation of conditioned stimuli (neutral facial expressions) associated with negative odor led to signal decreases in the amygdala and hippocampus of normal subjects, whereas increased activation in both regions was observed in SP patients [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Impaired Conditional Discrimination Learning in Social Phobia

Sachs¹,

Anderer²,

Doby³

et al. 2003

Neuropsychobiology

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Eyelid conditional discrimination learning (ECDL) is a test of discriminative aversive conditioning. It places minimal demands on motivation and was shown to selectively test temporal lobe function. Twenty-five unmedicated social phobia (SP) patients (mean age 29.5 ± 7.0 years), diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria, and 25 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC, mean age 34.0 ± 8.6 years) were examined with an ECDL paradigm. In the experiment two differently colored stimuli are randomly presented. Only one of the stimuli (reinforced trial) is followed by an aversive airpuff to the cornea, as opposed to unreinforced trials not followed by an airpuff. Conditioned responses (CRs) consist of reflex eyelid closures already upon light presentation. HC as well as SP patients showed a significant difference between reinforced and unreinforced trials. In SP patients, CR frequency did not increase during the ECDL task, while HCs showed appropriate conditional discrimination ability. Thus the results indicate an impairment of adequate behavior modification in an aversive conditioning task in SP.

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“…However, in the published functional neuroimaging studies investigating situational anxiety or pathological anxiety states, there have been inconsistent efforts to control or account for the effects of respiration on imaging data. From efforts to account for respiratory influences, respiratory differences between anxious and non-anxious subjects have been found to exert such a large effect that, when CBF values are adjusted to PCO2 levels, any functional activation became non-significant (65). Others have found that CBF changes associated with anxiety are not wholly explained by changes in PCO2 (66,67).…”

Section: Anxiety Respiration and Cbfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety, respiration, and cerebral blood flow: implications for functional brain imaging

Giardino

Friedman

Dager

2007

Comprehensive Psychiatry

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Brain functional imaging methods, such as fMRI, are sensitive to changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) that are normally associated with changes in regional neural activation. However, other endogenous and exogenous factors can alter CBF independently of brain neural activity, thus complicating the interpretation of functional imaging data. The presence of an anxiety disorder, as well as change in state anxiety, is often accompanied by respiratory alterations that affect arterial CO 2 tensions and produce significant changes in CBF that are independent of task-related neural activation. Therefore, the effects of trait and state anxiety need to be given close consideration in interpreting functional imaging findings. In this paper, we review the dependence of most brain functional imaging methods on localized changes in CBF and the potentially confounding effects of anxiety-related alterations of respiration on interpreting patterns of functional activation. Approaches for addressing for these effects are discussed.

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Positron Emission Tomographic Evaluation of Cerebral Blood Flow During State Anxiety in Simple Phobia

Cited by 88 publications

References 15 publications

Pathological Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Opiate-Dependent Patients during Withdrawal: A HMPAO-SPECT Study

Pathological Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Opiate-Dependent Patients during Withdrawal: A HMPAO-SPECT Study

Impaired Conditional Discrimination Learning in Social Phobia

Anxiety, respiration, and cerebral blood flow: implications for functional brain imaging

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