Positron emission tomography

Berger, Abi

doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7404.1449

Cited by 91 publications

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“…With positron emission tomography (PET), physiological functions including metabolism, neurotransmitter systems and drug occupancy, can be assessed, in vivo, with minimum disturbance to a subject's physiological homeostasis (Berger, 2003). PET involves several fundamental physical principles.…”

Section: Positron Emission Tomography (Pet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the nucleus of the 11 C undergoes radioactive decay, it periodically emits positrons. Once a positron is emitted, the particle will travel until it collides with an electron, usually in nearby tissue, and in doing so will cause an annihilation reaction to occur that converts mass, in the form of a positron and electron, into energy, in the form of two photons (Berger, 2003). Importantly, these photons are emitted at an angle of exactly 180 degrees and are then detected via scintillation crystals within the PET camera that surrounds the subject (Figure 5).…”

Section: Positron Emission Tomography (Pet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scintillation is the process in which ionizing radiation is able to induce luminescence i.e. the crystals are able to absorb the emitted photons and produce light than can then be converted into an interpretable electrical signal (Berger, 2003). Neuroimaging studies using the radiotracer [carbonyl- 11 C]WAY-100635 are thus able to examine the in vivo binding of the 5-HT 1A receptor in subjects with MDD, allowing for an improved understanding of the connection between the 5-HT 1A receptor and the pathophysiology of MDD itself (Drevets et al, 1999).…”

Section: Positron Emission Tomography (Pet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The 5-HT1A receptor in Major Depressive Disorder

Kaufman

DeLorenzo

Choudhury

et al. 2016

European Neuropsychopharmacology

158

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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric diagnosis that is associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality. This debilitating disorder is currently one of the leading causes of disability nationwide and is predicted to be the leading cause of disease burden by the year 2030. A large body of previous research has theorized that serotonergic dysfunction, specifically of the serotonin (5-HT) 1A receptor, plays a key role in the development of MDD. The purpose of this review is to describe the evolution of our current understanding of the serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor and its role in the pathophysiology MDD through the discussion of animal, post-mortem, positron emission tomography (PET), pharmacologic and genetic studies.

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Section: Positron Emission Tomography (Pet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Positron Emission Tomography (Pet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Positron Emission Tomography (Pet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The 5-HT1A receptor in Major Depressive Disorder

Kaufman

DeLorenzo

Choudhury

et al. 2016

European Neuropsychopharmacology

158

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…PET uses nuclear imaging to detect gamma rays indirectly emitted by a radioactive trace that is introduced to the body to measure blood flow, metabolism, and neurotransmission [Berger, ]. Volkow et al [] used PET to study brain glucose metabolism in humans for over 50 min during MP activation, relative to MP deactivated conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phone on brain function

Zhang

Sumich

Wang

2017

Bioelectromagnetics

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Due to its attributes, characteristics, and technological resources, the mobile phone (MP) has become one of the most commonly used communication devices. Historically, ample evidence has ruled out the substantial short-term impact of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) emitted by MP on human cognitive performance. However, more recent evidence suggests potential harmful effects associated with MP EMF exposure. The aim of this review is to readdress the question of whether the effect of MP EMF exposure on brain function should be reopened. We strengthen our argument focusing on recent neuroimaging and electroencephalography studies, in order to present a more specific analysis of effects of MP EMF exposure on neurocognitive function. Several studies indicate an increase in cortical excitability and/or efficiency with EMF exposure, which appears to be more prominent in fronto-temporal regions and has been associated with faster reaction time. Cortical excitability might also underpin disruption to sleep. However, several inconsistent findings exist, and conclusions regarding adverse effects of EMF exposure are currently limited. It also should be noted that the crucial scientific question of the effect of longer-term MP EMF exposure on brain function remains unanswered and essentially unaddressed. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:329-338, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…This process causes the positron to come to rest. These positrons have characteristic energies peaking at 0.63 MeV and have a very short range within the tissue [293]. The gamma rays exit from the patient's body and interacts with the scintillation crystals.…”

Section: Pet Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Squaryl Molecular Metaphors – Application to Rational Drug Design and Imaging Agents

Kitson¹

2017

J Diagn Imaging Ther

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Molecular Metaphors is the application of squaryl building blocks towards creative functional group chemistry to produce lead compounds and imaging agents. This strategy is applied to rational drug design and to various imaging agents that would normally contain conventional functional group chemistry. These, include carboxylic acids, α-amino acids, peptide bonds and phosphonates. Moreover, the squaryl metaphor is a precursor to complex organic molecules involving functional group interchange (FGI) and rearrangements. This article discusses the application of these metaphors in the area of neurochemistry, especially NMDA receptors. An important area of drug design is the inhibition of angiotensin II enzyme by the use of losartan. This commercial drug contains a tetrazole moiety that can be modified using the squaryl group to give a semisquarate derivative. These concepts can extend to the semisquarate of ibuprofen. Moreover, a discussion on peptidomimetics regarding the substitution of the peptide bond for squaramide allows for a change in the biological properties due to modification at the peptide bond. Furthermore, the topic on how squaryl metaphors can be exploited primarily by the central 1,3-hydroxyamide sequence to the generation of a novel class of HIV protease inhibitors. Also, squaryl metaphors can be used to develop potential inhibitors of glutathione and novel anti-migraine drugs. The discussion continues on the design of anticancer drugs: in particular, a novel class of metalloproteases, including phosphonates for semisquaramides, leading to squaryl nucleosides. This review concludes with the application of squaryl metaphors in the design of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents towards theranostics. describe the ability of individual functional chemical groups to mimic other moieties [2,3]. KeywordsErlenmeyer rationalised these concepts and categorised isosteres into atoms, ions and molecules based on the valence level of electrons [4]. A further understanding by Friedman led to the term bioisosterism to include all atoms and molecules that fit the broadest definition of isosteres [5]. This approach was independent of whether the drug was an agonist or an antagonist towards biological activity.Moreover, Thornber applied the term bioisosterism to include subunits, groups or molecules that possess physicochemical properties of similar biological effects [6]. Finally, in 1991 Burger widened the definition of bioisosteres to include compounds or groups that possess similar molecular shapes and volumes independent of agonists or antagonists [7]. REVIEW ARTICLE Squaryl KitsonThese bioisosteres would require approximately the same distribution of electrons and give a high probability of generating comparable physical properties such as hydrophobicity [8]. Currently, bioisosterism is one of the most useful tools to the medicinal chemist in rational drug design and in particular regarding the carboxylic acid bioisosteres [9]. The carboxylic acid functional ...

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Positron emission tomography

Cited by 91 publications

References 0 publications

The 5-HT1A receptor in Major Depressive Disorder

The 5-HT1A receptor in Major Depressive Disorder

Acute effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phone on brain function

Squaryl Molecular Metaphors – Application to Rational Drug Design and Imaging Agents

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