Possibilities and Limitations of Solid-Phase and Liquid Extraction for the Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Samples

Abstract

The review systematizes data on various extraction techniques for sample preparation in the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental samples, provides a classification, and describes the capabilities of these techniques. The main versions and methods of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid (LLE) extraction of structurally different PAHs from complex multicomponent systems are discussed. The variety of SPE and LLE methods, the peculiarities of their combinations with other methods, and the advantages and disadvantages of each sample preparation method are demonstrated. Chromatographic methods are preferred for detection after the solid-phase or liquid-liquid extraction of PAHs from environmental samples.

Rapid and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of PAHs and alkyl-PAHs in scrubber water using HS-SPME-GC–MS/MS

“…This allows the simultaneous extraction, concentration, and purification of the samples [10] , reaching low limits of detection which are comparable or even lower than those achieved by LLE or SPE. Furthermore, SPME allows the analysis of filtered and un-filtered samples, minimizing the potential losses of the most hydrophobic PAHs and alkyl derivatives [11] . Concerning instrumental analysis, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is commonly employed for the identification and quantification of volatile, thermally stable, and non-polar organic pollutants, including PAHs and alkyl-PAHs.…”

Optimization and Comparison of Microwave‐Assisted Extraction, Supercritical Fluid Extraction, and Eucalyptus Oil–Assisted Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Soil and Sediment

“…Soxhlet, ultrasonic, liquid–liquid, and solid‐phase extractions are some conventional techniques used to extract PAHs from various matrices (Imam et al, 2019; King et al, 2003; Temerdashev et al, 2021). However, these techniques tend to require large volumes of industrial organic solvents and can be time‐consuming, and many involve multistep processes that increase the risk of the loss of some analyte.…”

Application of a three dimensional polyethyleneimine functionalized graphene oxide aerogel as an adsorbent for the determination of phytohormones in ginseng

“…16 Nevertheless, LLE suffers from limitations in selectivity, purification efficiency, and substantial use of organic solvents, which is environmentally unfavorable. 17 In contrast, SPE offers distinctive advantages such as low solvent consumption, high efficiency, and adaptable adsorbent selection. The performance of the adsorbent in SPE significantly influences the adsorption capacity and extraction efficiency of the target compounds.…”