Possibility as role of ginseng and ginsenosides on inhibiting the heart disease of COVID-19: A systematic review

Abstract

Coronavirus has been spreading rapidly around the world since it broke out in China in 2019. Respiratory diseases caused by coronavirus infection cause various diseases ranging from asymptomatic subclinical infections to severe pneumonia and cardiovascular complications, leading to death. In this regard, natural products are being studied to prevent various diseases caused by COVID-19. In current review, we would like to present mechanisms related to the inhibition of heart disease in ginseng and ginsenoside against SARS-CoV-2. In many previous studies, ginseng and ginsenoside are known to have antioxidant, blood flow improvement, improvement of vascular and heart function, blood pressure control, suppression of myocardial infarction and heart failure, and antiarrhythmia. Therefore, ginseng and ginsenoside have a possibility to suppress cardiovascular complications caused by COVID-19. Many of research provide evidence for ginseng and ginsenoside as treatments for the risk of cardiovascular complications. However, in this review, more specific contents on the proposition of the efficacy of ginseng and ginsenoside for COVID-19 should be presented. Therefore, we hope that researches to reduce cardiovascular complications of ginseng and ginsenoside for COVID-19 should be presented to reduce mortality for COVID-19.

The efficacy and safety of Shenfu injection in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

“…[ 16 ] Ginsenosides, the main active ingredient in ginseng, account for 4% of the total ginseng, which can improve the immunity of the body [ 17 ] ; the active ingredients of aconite have cardiotonic and antiarrhythmic effects. [ 18 ] This is the first meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Shenfu injection for STEMI after primary PCI. The results of our study need to be validated in larger trials (particularly confining to patients with estimated larger infarct size).…”

The relationship of skin disorders, COVID-19, and the therapeutic potential of ginseng: a review

“…According to a recent study, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 effectively suppress the binding between the spike glycoprotein, the binding protein of SARS-CoV-2, and the ACE2 receptor. This action may play a key role in the treatment of papulovesicular exanthem by preventing entry of the virus into keratinocytes [ 49 ].…”

“…According to one study, the oral medication isotretinoin, which is used to treat acne lesions, was identified as a treatment for COVID-19, acting by downregulating the expression ACE2 receptors, preventing SARS-CoV-2 entry into vulnerable cells [ 106 ]. Similarly, ginsenosides are known to block the receptor-binding domain (RBD)-ACE2 interaction by suppressing the RBD on the coronavirus spike glycoprotein [ 107 ]. One study showed that 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 repressed viral infection in cells that specifically express the receptors [ 35 ].…”

“…TRPV1, expressed by sensory nerves, is involved in vasoregulation and nociception, and thus neurovascular dysregulation through TRPV1 may lead to the early stage of rosacea characterized by transient flushing (“pre-rosacea”). When TRPV1 is activated in patients with rosacea, the receptor eventually becomes hyperactive, causing persistent flushing, a feeling of warmth, and often extensive neurogenic inflammation with edema and inflammatory cell infiltration [ 110 ]. According to this hypothesis, patients with rosacea show a high density of epidermal and dermal TRPV1 in nerve fibers; thus, TRPV1 may be a primary therapeutic target for rosacea.…”

Modified Linggui Zhugan Decoction protects against ventricular remodeling through ameliorating mitochondrial damage in post-myocardial infarction rats

“…For example, an extract of Radix astragali, calycosin, was reported to inhibit neutrophil infiltration and protect heart integrity in isoproterenol-induced MI by synergizing with gallic acid ( 21 ). The cardioprotective effects of Panax ginseng or ginsenosides have been reported, through preventing MI and heart failure ( 22 ). The ethyl acetate extract of Ramulus cinnamomi and its bioactive substance cinnamic acid play a protective role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury ( 23 , 24 ).…”