Possibility of vancomycin‐resistant enterococci transmission from human to broilers, and possibility of using the vancomycin‐resistant gram‐positive cocci as a model in a screening study of vancomycin‐resistant enterococci infection in the broiler chick

Sakai, Yuri; Tsukahara, Takamitsu; Ushida, Kazunari

doi:10.1111/j.1740-0929.2006.00383.x

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Backyard chickens possibly acquired the CC17 E. faecium isolates from contaminated environments, or humans visiting the farm. This suggestion is supported by a previous study that demonstrated the transmission of E. faecium of human origin to chickens [96]. Moreover, human-linked E. faecium has been isolated from various water and food sources [97,98].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus Species from Small Backyard Chicken Flocks

et al. 2022

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Backyard birds are small flocks that are more common in developing countries. They are used for poultry meat and egg production. However, they are also implicated in the maintenance and transmission of several zoonotic diseases, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Enterococci are one of the most common zoonotic bacteria. They colonize numerous body sites and cause a wide range of serious nosocomial infections in humans. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the diversity in Enterococcus spp. in healthy birds and to determine the occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR), multi-locus sequence types, and virulence genes and biofilm formation. From March 2019 to December 2020, cloacal swabs were collected from 15 healthy backyard broiler flocks. A total of 90 enterococci strains were recovered and classified according to the 16S rRNA sequence into Enterococcus faecalis (50%); Enterococcus faecium (33.33%), Enterococcus hirae (13.33%), and Enterococcus avium (3.33%). The isolates exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (55.6%), erythromycin (31.1%), and ampicillin (30%). However, all of the isolates were susceptible to linezolid. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was identified in 30 (33.3%) isolates. The enterococci AMR-associated genes ermB, ermA, tetM, tetL, vanA, cat, and pbp5 were identified in 24 (26.6%), 11 (12.2%), 39 (43.3%), 34 (37.7%), 1 (1.1%), 4 (4.4%), and 23 (25.5%) isolates, respectively. Of the 90 enterococci, 21 (23.3%), 27 (30%), and 36 (40%) isolates showed the presence of cylA, gelE, and agg virulence-associated genes, respectively. Seventy-three (81.1%) isolates exhibited biofilm formation. A statistically significant correlation was obtained for biofilm formation versus the MAR index and MDR. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) identified eleven and eight different STs for E. faecalis and E. faecium, respectively. Seven different rep-family plasmid genes (rep1–2, rep3, rep5–6, rep9, and rep11) were detected in the MDR enterococci. Two-thirds (20/30; 66.6%) of the enterococci were positive for one or two rep-families. In conclusion, the results show that healthy backyard chickens could act as a reservoir for MDR and virulent Enterococcus spp. Thus, an effective antimicrobial stewardship program and further studies using a One Health approach are required to investigate the role of backyard chickens as vectors for AMR transmission to humans.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus Species from Small Backyard Chicken Flocks

et al. 2022

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“…We believe that it is possible that the chicken acquired the ST203 E. faecium strain from contaminated environments, other animals, or humans working on or visiting the farm. Our assertion is supported by an experimental study that demonstrated transmissibility of VRE of human origin to broiler chickens (47). Furthermore, human-adapted VRE strains have been recovered from various food and urban water sources (43,(48)(49)(50).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Genetic Variability of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Isolates from Humans, Chickens, and Pigs in Malaysia

Getachew

Hassan

Zakaria

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have been reported to be present in humans, chickens, and pigs in Malaysia. In the present study, representative samples of VRE isolated from these populations were examined for similarities and differences by using the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. Housekeeping genes of Enterococcus faecium (n ‫؍‬ 14) and Enterococcus faecalis (n ‫؍‬ 11) isolates were sequenced and analyzed using the MLST databases eBURST and goeBURST. We found five sequence types (STs) of E. faecium and six STs of E. faecalis existing in Malaysia. Enterococcus faecium isolates belonging to ST203, ST17, ST55, ST79, and ST29 were identified, and E. faecium ST203 was the most common among humans. The MLST profiles of E. faecium from humans in this study were similar to the globally reported nosocomial-related strain lineage belonging to clonal complex 17 (CC17). Isolates from chickens and pigs have few similarities to those from humans, except for one isolate from a chicken, which was identified as ST203. E. faecalis isolates were more diverse and were identified as ST4, ST6, ST87, ST108, ST274, and ST244, which were grouped as specific to the three hosts. E. faecalis, belonging to the high-risk CC2 and CC87, were detected among isolates from humans. In conclusion, even though one isolate from a chicken was found clonal to that of humans, the MLST analysis of E. faecium and E. faecalis supports the findings of others who suggest VRE to be predominantly host specific and that clinically important strains are found mainly among humans. The infrequent detection of a human VRE clone in a chicken may in fact suggest a reverse transmission of VRE from humans to animals.

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“…Chickens can possibly acquire the CC17 E. faecium isolates from contaminated environments or humans visiting the farm. This idea is reinforced by a study that showed the transmission of E. faecium of human origin to chickens [ 251 ]. E. faecium ST492 isolates found in broilers were clustered with the human isolates, which may also indicate reverse zoonotic transmission from humans to chickens along the production chain [ 60 ].…”

Section: Impact Of Antibiotic Usage and Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Resistance among Gastrointestinal Bacteria in Broilers: A Review Focused on Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli

Ribeiro

Silva

Monteiro

et al. 2023

Animals

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Chickens can acquire bacteria at different stages, and bacterial diversity can occur due to production practices, diet, and environment. The changes in consumer trends have led to increased animal production, and chicken meat is one of the most consumed meats. To ensure high levels of production, antimicrobials have been used in livestock for therapeutic purposes, disease prevention, and growth promotion, contributing to the development of antimicrobial resistance across the resident microbiota. Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli are normal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal microbiota of chickens that can develop strains capable of causing a wide range of diseases, i.e., opportunistic pathogens. Enterococcus spp. isolated from broilers have shown resistance to at least seven classes of antibiotics, while E. coli have shown resistance to at least four. Furthermore, some clonal lineages, such as ST16, ST194, and ST195 in Enterococcus spp. and ST117 in E. coli, have been identified in humans and animals. These data suggest that consuming contaminated animal-source food, direct contact with animals, or environmental exposure can lead to the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Therefore, this review focused on Enterococcus spp. and E. coli from the broiler industry to better understand how antibiotic-resistant strains have emerged, which antibiotic-resistant genes are most common, what clonal lineages are shared between broilers and humans, and their impact through a One Health perspective.

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Possibility of vancomycin‐resistant enterococci transmission from human to broilers, and possibility of using the vancomycin‐resistant gram‐positive cocci as a model in a screening study of vancomycin‐resistant enterococci infection in the broiler chick

Cited by 3 publications

References 20 publications

Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus Species from Small Backyard Chicken Flocks

Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus Species from Small Backyard Chicken Flocks

Genetic Variability of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Isolates from Humans, Chickens, and Pigs in Malaysia

Antibiotic Resistance among Gastrointestinal Bacteria in Broilers: A Review Focused on Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli

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