Possible Alterations of Imaging Patterns in Computed Tomography for Delta-VOC of SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

Background So far, typical findings for COVID-19 in computed tomography (CT) have been described as bilateral, multifocal ground glass opacities (GGOs) and consolidations, as well as intralobular and interlobular septal thickening. On the contrary, round consolidations with the halo sign are considered uncommon and are typically found in fungal infections, such as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The authors recently observed several patients with COVID-19 pneumonia presenting with round, multifocal consolidations accompanied by a halo sign. As this may indicate alterations of CT morphology based on the virus variant, the aim of this study was to investigate this matter in more detail. Methods 161 CT scans of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (RT-PCR within 2 days of CT) examined between January 2021 and September 15, 2021 were included. Follow-up examinations, patients with invasive ventilation at the time of CT, and patients with insufficient virus typing for variants of concern (VOC) were excluded. CT scans were assessed for vertical and axial distribution of pulmonary patterns, degree of involvement, uni- vs. bilaterality, reticulations, and other common findings. The mean density of representative lesions was assessed in Hounsfield units. Results were compared using Mann-Whitney U-tests, Studentʼs t-rests, descriptive statistics, and Fisher’s exact tests. Results 75 patients did not meet the inclusion criteria. Therefore, 86/161 CT scans of unique patients were analyzed. PCR VOC testing confirmed manifestation of the Delta-VOC SARS-CoV-2 in 22 patients, 39 patients with Alpha-VOC and the remaining 25 patients with Non-VOC SARS-CoV-2 infections. Three patients with the Delta-VOC demonstrated multiple pulmonary masses or nodules with surrounding halo sign, whereas no patients with either Alpha-VOC (p = 0.043) or non-VOC (p = 0.095) demonstrated these findings. All three patients were admitted to normal wards and had no suspicion of a pulmonary co-infection. Patients with Delta-VOC were less likely to have ground glass opacities compared to Alpha-VOC (7/22 or 31.8 % vs. 4/39 or 10.3 %; p < 0.001), whereas a significant difference has not been observed between Delta-VOC and non-VOC (5/25 or 20 %; p = 0.348). The mean representative density of lesions did not show significant differences between the studied cohorts. Conclusion In this study 3 out of 22 patients (13.6 %) with Delta-VOC presented with bilateral round pulmonary masses or nodules with surrounding halo signs, which has not been established as a notable imaging pattern in COVID-19 pneumonia yet. Compared to the other cohorts, a lesser percentage of patients with Delta-VOC presented with ground glass opacities. Based on these results Delta-VOC might cause a divergence in CT-morphologic phenotype. Key Points: Citation Format

Structure–Function Relationships Determining Hypoxemia in COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

“…The sample size used is small (n = 10) and limits generalizability. In addition, radiologic features in different strains of the COVID-19 virus may exist 13 and influence the observed results. Yet, the uniqueness of the physiologic measurements deserves attention from those interested in the fundamental causes of hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients.…”