Possible antigenic relationship between varicella/ zoster virus and herpes simplex virus

Kapsenberg, Jacoba G.

doi:10.1007/bf01241422

Cited by 73 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…However, it may be more probable that closely related infections could lead to immunity against some common antigens which may generate cross-immunity. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the virus most closely related to varicella-zoster virus, and there is some evidence of cross-antigenicity between these viruses in serological tests [43][44][45] and Wolff and colleagues [46] present data which could be interpreted as indirect evidence that varicella incidence is influenced by the presence of antibodies against HSV. In St Lucia, herpes simplex infections occur at a very young age, and by the age of 7 years > 90 % of the children have been infected, which compares with 25-50 % infection in 5-9-year-old children in temperate countries [22].…”

Section: Jllodelling Of Varicella Incideiwcementioning

confidence: 97%

The age of infection with varicella-zoster virus in St Lucia, West Indies

et al. 1993

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SUMMARYSera from an age-stratified sample of 1810 people from the Caribbean island of St Lucia were tested for antibodies against varicella-zoster virus. The results indicate that very few infections occur in childhood, which agrees with clinical survey data from other tropical countries, but contrasts with the observed high case rate in children in temperate countries. The alternative hypotheses which may explain these results are discussed, and it is suggested that high ambient temperatures interfere with the transmission of the virus. Irrespective of the cause, the pattern of varicella incidence observed has important implications for any vaccination policy adopted in tropical countries. INTROD)UCTIONVaricella (chickenpox), primary infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV), is a very common childhood infection in temperate countries, although the mean age of infection is significantly higher in developing countries [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. This is the reverse of the age pattern observed with many other directly transmitted infections, such as measles, where the mean age of infection is typically low in developing or tropical countries because of a mixture of high population densities, which provide more opportunities for disease transmission, and high birth rates, which provide a large pool of young susceptibles [9]. The reversed age pattern of varicella infection raises questions about the nature of varicella transmission.In order to address these questions this paper discusses the evidence that the force of infection (the per capita rate at which susceptibles acquire infection) of VZV is less in tropical than in temperate countries. The paper examines published reports, describes a serological investigation of the pattern of infection in the population of the Caribbean island of St Lucia and uses the survey data to estimate the age-specific force of infection.The discussion of varicella transmission in this paper centres on differences between tropical and temperate countries. However, tropical countries are usually

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Section: Jllodelling Of Varicella Incideiwcementioning

confidence: 97%

The age of infection with varicella-zoster virus in St Lucia, West Indies

et al. 1993

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“…Because of the suggestion by Hope-Simpson (1965) that a rise in the titre of pre-existing antibody may be provoked by contact with a case of varicella we have also examined paired sera from persons in close contact with cases of this disease. Finally, we have used immunofluorescence to study the V-Z-specific immunoglobulins in patients with primary herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, since rises in the titre of V-Z complement-fixing (CF) antibody in such cases have been described and are commonly observed in diagnostic work (Kapsenberg, 1965;Svedmyr, 1965;Schmidt, Lennette & Magoffin, 1969).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific immunoglobulin responses after varicella and herpes zoster

Cradock-Watson

Ridehalgh

Bourne

1979

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYThe indirect immunofluorescence technique has been used to titrate the specific immunoglobulins in 200 sera from 64 patients with varicella, and 195 sera from 67 patients with herpes zoster. IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in all patients with varicella, and IgA in 59 (92 %). All three classes of antibody appeared 2-5 days after the onset of the rash, increased virtually simultaneously and reached maximum titres during the second and third weeks. IgG then declined slowly, but never became undetectable and was still present in five subjects who were retested after 2-4 years; it was present in 88 out of 100 healthy young adults and probably persists indefinitely after varicella. IgA and IgM antibodies declined more rapidly and were not detected in specimens taken more than a year after the illness. IgA, however, may possibly persist in some cases since low titres were found in 8 out of 88 young adults who possessed IgG antibody and had presumably had varicella in the past. IgA responses were significantly weaker in children under the age of 6 years than in older children and adults.Six out of 67 patients with zoster were tested at various times before the onset of the rash: IgG antibody was detected in all. IgG was present in all sera taken after the onset of the rash, increased rapidly after 2-5 days, reached maximum titres during the second and third weeks and then declined slowly. IgA antibody was detected in 66 patients (99 %) and IgM in 52 (78 %); both types of antibody followed transient courses, as in varicella.Maximum titres of IgG and complement-fixing antibodies were greater after zoster than after varicella, but the differences were not significant. IgA and IgM titres in young adults with zoster were significantly lower than in older patients, and also lower than in young adults with varicella.Increases in varicella-zoster antibody in patients with herpes simplex virus infections consisted mainly of IgG, sometimes IgA, but never IgM.

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“…Another complication relates to the possibility of cross-reacting antigens between different herpesviruses [48,49]. The latter possibility seems unlikely [34], Seroepidemiological studies for herpesviruses in H D have been carried out by several investigators in Sweden [9], in the USA [10, 26,27], in Denmark [25] and in the Netherlands [50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Immunofluorescence Technique with Counterstain on Fixed Cells for the Detection of Antibodies to Human Herpesviruses; Antibody Patterns in Patients with Hodgkin’s Disease and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Hilgers¹,

Hilgers²

1976

Intervirology

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An indirect immunofluorescence (IF)1 test on fixed cells with Evans’ blue counterstain is described for all four human herpesviruses, i.e., herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Comparison with immunodiffusion (ID) for HSV-2 and with ID and complement fixation (CF) for VZV and CMV demonstrated the specificity and high sensitivity of the IF test. Also introduced is a modification of the anti-complement immunofluorescence (ACIF) test for EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA), permitting simultaneous titration of antibodies to this nuclear antigen and of the anti-nuclear factor (ANF). Seroepidemiological studies of these viruses in patients with Hodgkin’s disease (HD) in the Netherlands revealed the following pattern: (1) in nodular sclerosing (NS) HD there is a 4-fold (significant) elevation in antibody titer to EBV-VCA, but no elevation to EBV-EA and EBNA; (2) in mixed cellularity (MC) HD a 10-fold (significant) elevation to both EBV-VCA and EA, but no elevation to EBNA is found compared to the control groups. These patterns in NS and MC HD are different from the pattern in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) which manifests elevations in antibody titers to EBV-VCA and EA as well as to EBNA. Antibody titers to HSV, VZV and CMV are not significantly elevated in either HD or NPC.

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Possible antigenic relationship between varicella/ zoster virus and herpes simplex virus

Cited by 73 publications

References 6 publications

The age of infection with varicella-zoster virus in St Lucia, West Indies

The age of infection with varicella-zoster virus in St Lucia, West Indies

Specific immunoglobulin responses after varicella and herpes zoster

An Immunofluorescence Technique with Counterstain on Fixed Cells for the Detection of Antibodies to Human Herpesviruses; Antibody Patterns in Patients with Hodgkin’s Disease and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

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Possible antigenic relationship between varicella/ zoster virus and herpes simplex virus

Cited by 73 publications

References 6 publications

The age of infection with varicella-zoster virus in St Lucia, West Indies

The age of infection with varicella-zoster virus in St Lucia, West Indies

Specific immunoglobulin responses after varicella and herpes zoster

An Immunofluorescence Technique with Counterstain on Fixed Cells for the Detection of Antibodies to Human Herpesviruses; Antibody Patterns in Patients with Hodgkin&rsquo;s Disease and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

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Product

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An Immunofluorescence Technique with Counterstain on Fixed Cells for the Detection of Antibodies to Human Herpesviruses; Antibody Patterns in Patients with Hodgkin’s Disease and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma