“…For example, experimental injection of testicular material into hens depresses the fertility of females for the following 12-67 days (McCartney, 1923). This response to sperm exposure is associated with rising levels of sperm antibodies in blood plasma and specifically in serum levels of sperm agglutinins, which modulate sperm agglutination in vitro (Hosoda, Abe, & Otsuka, 1964;Wentworth & Mellen, 1963; see Haley &Abplanalp, 1970 andBurke, Rieser, &Shoffner, 1971 for similar patterns in turkeys, Meleagris gallopavo, and Japanese quails, Coturnix japonica, respectively). However, it remains unclear whether these same patterns of agglutination occur in vivo, or whether agglutination harms sperm success.…”