Possible mechanisms of HIV neuro-infection in alcohol use: Interplay of oxidative stress, inflammation, and energy interruption

Effects of Combination of Ethanol With Ritonavir, Lopinavir or Darunavir on Expression and Localization of the Er-Associated Set Protein and Infection of Hiv-1 Pseudovirus in Primary Human Cells

“…Alcohol use has been reported to increase CCR5 and CXCR4 for HIV-1 entry into immunologic cells, to dysregulate HIV-induced cytokines (e.g., TNFa, IL-1, and IL-6) and NF-kB regulating transcription of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (HIV LTR), or to cause a metabolic shift and redistribution of energy usage toward HIV-1-infected neuroimmune cells, all of which accelerate HIV-1 disease progression. 3,4,[7][8][9][10] There can be additional molecular mechanisms by which alcohol and HIV PIs potentiate HIV-1 infection. The SET protein is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated chaperone protein expressed in many types of cells and has multiple biological functions depending on cell types, cellular location, and complex formations with other protein components.…”

“…Alcohol use has been reported to increase CCR5 and CXCR4 for HIV-1 entry into immunologic cells, to dysregulate HIV-induced cytokines (e.g., TNFα, IL-1, and IL-6) and NF-κB regulating transcription of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (HIV LTR), or to cause a metabolic shift and redistribution of energy usage toward HIV-1-infected neuroimmune cells, all of which accelerate HIV-1 disease progression. 3,4,7–10…”