Possible nosocomial transmission of group B streptococci in a newborn nursery

Steere, Allen C.; Aber, Robert C.; Warford, Lloyd R.; Murphy, Kenneth E.; Feeley, James C.; Hayes, Peggy S.; Wilkinson, Hazel W.; Facklam, Richard R.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(75)80311-8

Cited by 67 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…C. sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen most commonly affecting immunocompromised patients and neonates 4,10 . Neonatal infections have been reported to be on rise via contact with C. sakazakii in the birth canal or through postbirth environmental sources [11][12][13] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cronobacter Sakazakii: An Emerging Contaminant in Pediatric Infant Milk Formula

Arsalan¹,

Anwar²,

Ahmad³

et al. 2016

Int. Res. J. Pharm.

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Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) previously known as Enterobacter sakazakii is a motile, Gram-negative, non-sporing yellow pigmented rod, which belongs to lethal Enterobacteriaceae family. C. sakazakii is ubiquitously found in air, soil, floor drains, and dry product processing environment. It has been isolated from hospitals, clinical materials, and cutting fluids and is also present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, sputum, throat, nose, stool, gut, skin, wounds, bone marrow, eye, ear and breast abscesses. C. sakazakii is a virulent pathogen and can adhere to silicon, latex, polycarbonate, and stainless steel. Therefore, Feeding-bottles or utensils used to prepare pediatric infant formula (PIF) should be thoroughly cleaned to diminish the development of biofilms, which could be the source of infections. Due to its virulence, C. sakazakii causes life threatening infections such as septicemia, necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteriamia and meningitis. Hence, the regulatory authorities such as Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Health Canada strongly recommend breast-feeding over the bottle-feed to minimize the risk of infections caused by C. sakazakii.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cronobacter Sakazakii: An Emerging Contaminant in Pediatric Infant Milk Formula

Arsalan¹,

Anwar²,

Ahmad³

et al. 2016

Int. Res. J. Pharm.

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“…In a few studies in which the sex, race, length of gestation and birth weight of asymptomatic colonised and non-colonised infants were compared, no differences were found (Baker and Barrett, 1973;Aber et al, 1976;Baker, 1977). Some infants who do not yield group-B streptococci when swabbed immediately after birth have acquired them by the time of discharge from the hospital (Steere et al, 1975;Aber et al, 1976;Ferrieri et al, 1977). Whether they are at the same risk as infants colonised at birth of developing early 0; late-onset disease is not known.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prematurity, prolonged rupture of the fetal membranes, and other obstetric complications are more frequent in colonised infants who develop disease than in those who do not (Baker and Barrett, 1973;Franciosi et al, 1973). None of these factors influences the development of late-onset group-B streptococcal disease, in which nosocomial transmission may be of more importance (Steere et al, 1975;Aber et al, 1976).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal factors that enhance the acquisition of group-B streptococci by newborn infants

Ancona

Ferrieri

Williams

1980

Journal of Medical Microbiology

101

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“…From the findings described here, one might expect that group B streptococci colonizing such sites would be relatively resistant to the bactericidal effect of penicillin, and this phenomenon may contribute to the problems encountered during attempts to prophylactically eradicate colonizing group B streptococci (13,23) and also to treatment failures described in "early onset" neonatal infections (7,10,18,19,25,26). The relatively low pH of vaginal secretions has already been invoked as a possible factor contributing to the ineffectiveness of erythromycin treatment in vaginitis caused by Haemophilus vaginalis infection (11).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Penicillin has been the chemotherapeutic agent of choice in treating these infections (5), and prophylactic use of penicillin has been also suggested for the elimination of the bacteria from parturient women (13). Nevertheless, there have been numerous reports of treatment failures (7,10,18,19,25,26), and difficulties have been encountered in eradicating group B streptococci colonizing mucosal surfaces in both infants and adults (13,19,23). These failures have sometimes been attributed to the relatively high minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of penicillin (1) and to the slow bactericidal effect of this antibiotic (21) in comparison with the highly penicillin-susceptible group A streptococci.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

pH-dependent penicillin tolerance of group B streptococci

Horne¹,

Tomasz²

1981

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Group B streptococci lose viability without apparent lysis during treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics and vancomycin. Rapid loss of viability was observed in early-exponential-phase cultures. Cultures in the mid-exponential growth phase exhibited various degrees of resistance to the bactericidal effect of the antibiotics, whereas their susceptibilities to the growth-inhibitory effect remained unchanged. This growth-phase-dependent tolerance was caused by the gradual increase in acidity of the cultures as the cell concentration increased. Retitration of the pH to neutrality made the formerly tolerant bacteria again fully susceptible to the killing effect of penicillin. Conversely, lowering the pH value of the medium resulted in antibiotic tolerance throughout culture growth. The penicillin-binding proteins of whole bacteria and their labeling pattern were found to be independent of culture pH. It is suggested that the mechanism of Ph-dependent tolerance is indirect and may be mediated by an autolysin. The tolerance of group B streptococci for penicillin could be clinically relevant in view of the relatively low pH values known to prevail in the natural host environments colonized by these bacteria.

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Possible nosocomial transmission of group B streptococci in a newborn nursery

Cited by 67 publications

References 14 publications

Cronobacter Sakazakii: An Emerging Contaminant in Pediatric Infant Milk Formula

Cronobacter Sakazakii: An Emerging Contaminant in Pediatric Infant Milk Formula

Maternal factors that enhance the acquisition of group-B streptococci by newborn infants

pH-dependent penicillin tolerance of group B streptococci

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