Possible Pivotal Role of Latent Chronic T. gondii Infection in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Prandota, J

doi:10.17554/j.issn.2309-6861.2017.04.130

Cited by 2 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 611 publications

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“…30 kDa band in combination with at least two other bands (m.w. 31,33,40,45 kDa) in serum sample indicate parasite IgG [100,101], although the range of molecular weights of protein antigens released from purified tachyzoites and antibodies in samples of human sera was greater [102]. Furthermore, in mice with acute phase of T. gondii infection cold stress caused an enhanced specific IgM concentrations of the F. Effects of cold stress on immunological and biochemical responses in humans.…”

Section: E Diagnosis Of Toxoplasmosismentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It was suggested that FS may serve as a protective factor in such individuals being responsible for their good life expectancy eventually explained by the low incidence of cardiovascular diseases, and probably associated with an increased adiponectin level [4,229]. This cytokine, a key regulator of innate immunity [230], exerted also many antiatherosclerotic effects by increasing cholesterol efflux from the macrophages (deficiency of cholesterol in these cells impairs T. gondii proliferation), and downregulating acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase 1 and 2 expression in cells infected with the microbe important for development of foamy macrophages and atherosclerosis [231][232][233]. These actions may be, at least in part, responsible for a relatively good health status of individuals with FS and potential T. gondii infection.…”

Section: Relationship Between Fs Multiple Sclerosis (Ms) and Other Ad...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…increased levels of IgE and/or IgG can also reflect host defense against T. gondii infection [94,294,295]). In addition, it must be emphasized that statins and alemtuzumab/natalizumab exerted beneficial effects in It must be noted that psoriasis and atherosclerosis, two plaques suspected to be one syndrome [269], were associated with latent T. gondii infection [233].…”

Section: B T Gondii Infection and Adsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These individuals frequently suffer from anemia, hypotension, reflux esophagitis, chronic gastritis, chronic rhinitis, gastroduodenal ulcer, degenerative arthritis, hypothyroidism, peripheral neuropathy, and dysmenorrhea [10,[310][311][312], and cold extremities are believed to be a trigger for development of these disturbances [9,313]. Several of the above-mentioned abnormalities may be linked with T. gondii infection, such as degenerative arthritis, hypothyroidism, peripheral neuropathy, gastrointestinal disturbances, anemia, and dysmenorrhea [94,98,[314][315][316]. Nb.…”

Section: B Cold Extremities In Asian Countries and Rpmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solving the New Puzzle(s) 2014-2022: Flammer Syndrome Probably Represents a Mild Endophenotype of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Mainly Associated with Ocular Disturbances and Also Due to Latent T. gondii Infection

Prandota¹

2023

J Clin Med Cur Res

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negative effect on quality of life [9]. The study of 334 healthy subjects aged 50 years or elder in Japan showed that proportion of participants with increased sensitivity to cold widely ranged (6.1%-30.8% men, 14.3%-28.3% women) [12].In Eastern Asian populations CHHF occurs in 20%-52% of subjects [13][14][15], and ratio of men to women is 2:3 [16]. In Japan, this condition called "hiesho" is quite common involving over 60% of females, and in the latter stage of pregnancy "hiesho" manifests in about 40% of women, particularly in the advanced maternal age [17,18]. One study comparing Japanese with Brazilians reported that 57% of Brazilian pregnant women were aware of cold sensations [19,20]. CHHF is associated also with RP, gastric disturbances [21], as well as gynecological disorders, such as infertility and dysmenorrhea [22,23]. Nb. T. gondii infection causes ovarian dysfunction and disturbances in sperm motility, viability and concentration values, epididymis weight, and testicle inflammation [24][25][26][27][28].The presence of "hiesho" was found to be risk factor which can also lead to abnormal delivery because of weak labor pains, prolonged labor and atonic bleeding, premature delivery, amnion membrane rupture [17,29,30].In this context, it should be added that traditional Japanese fish dishes sushi and sashimi may, at least in part, play a role in development of these disorders [31], especially that wide distribution of T. gondii amongst sea fish and mammals may affect human health worldwide (e.g. the highest prevalence of the pathogen was found in otter (54.8%), and dolphin, whale and porpoise (30.92%) [32]. B. FS heritability.In Europe, most of FS symptoms appear in puberty and alleviate along with age, in women after menopause begun [33], albeit in the study of 3067 persons aged 65 years or elder 23.6% men and 28.6% women had cold extremities [34]. Importantly, parents of FS subjects also had similar symptoms which may suggest a heritability of this clinical entity [3,4]. Moreover, Konieczka & Erb [4] noted that there is a relationship between FS and RP, and suggested a genetic background of RP [35][36][37][38], but they believed that additional factor(s) may also play a role [4,35]. Nb. genetic factors appeared to be important in the development of RP as has been demonstrated in one familial and twin study [39]. FS often occurs in individuals who are slender, have a low blood pressure, are active, but also have unusually cold extremities, increased pain sensitivity, altered circadian rhythm, and prolonged falling asleep time [40,41]. C. Pathophysiological changes in FS.Individuals with FS have the autonomic nervous system imbalance with sympathetic predominance [4,42], lymphocytes and leukocytes in the eye have altered gene expression, and activated astrocytes in the retina also change their gene expression and morphology [2,[43][44][45], slightly increased plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels, and increased systemic oxidative stress [5,46]. They also have enhanced sensitivity to some drugs, such as for ...

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Section: E Diagnosis Of Toxoplasmosismentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Relationship Between Fs Multiple Sclerosis (Ms) and Other Ad...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B T Gondii Infection and Adsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Cold Extremities In Asian Countries and Rpmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solving the New Puzzle(s) 2014-2022: Flammer Syndrome Probably Represents a Mild Endophenotype of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Mainly Associated with Ocular Disturbances and Also Due to Latent T. gondii Infection

Prandota¹

2023

J Clin Med Cur Res

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“…Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is another autoimmune disease characterized by vascular obliteration, excessive extracellular matrix deposition, and fibrosis of the connective tissues of the skin, lung, gastrointestinal tract, heart, and kidneys. Endothelial cell dysfunction and damage represent one of the first disturbances in the pathogenesis of SSc, and chronic inflammation plays an important role in the development of atherosclerotic plaques [86] . A 60-kDa protein belonging to the heat shock proteins (HSPs) was suggested to be involved in the pathomechanism of these abnormalities [87] .…”

Section: Cryptogenic Liver Cirrhosis (Clc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unexplained Liver Damage, Cryptogenic Liver Cirrhosis, and Steatohepatitis May Be Caused by Latent Chronic Toxoplasmosis

Prandota

2019

Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research

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T. gondii is a globally distributed intracellular protozoan parasite affecting approximately 5-90% of human population and causing a variety of so far neglected diseases and clinical entities in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Acute infection of the parasite in mice caused marked reduction in serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity and liver damage. BChE and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are biomarkers of low-grade systemic inflammation and earlier it was suggested that the elevation of these two bioparameters may predict development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Serum BChE activity was found to be associated with overweight, obesity, and body fat distribution parameters. Recently, a positive association between T. gondii seropositivity and obesity has also been reported. Infection with the parasite was linked with the increase in the number of hepatic stellate cells known to play an important role in the development of fibrosis and its advancement to cirrhosis.of any etiology. Moreover, several authors suggested that hepatitis with a clinical picture resembling acute viral hepatitis result from T. gondii infection. Abnormalities associated with cryptogenic liver cirrhosis markedly affect acquired immunity of the host and probably participate in triggering and persistence of several autoimmune diseases, especially that anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies have been found in the sera of both patients suffering from these clinical entities and in healthy individuals. Oxidative stress and immunosuppresion due to the infection play an important role in these processes. It should be also noted that mammalian as well as the parasite cells, express two cholesteryl ester-synthesizing enzymes, ACAT1 and ACAT2, which share 44-47% of amino acid homology. ACAT1 is present in various cells and tissues, while ACAT2 expression is restricted to hepatocytes and intestinal mucosal cells. The parasite enzymes TgACAT1 and TgACAT2 localized to endoplasmic reticulum can synthesize and store abundant esters of cholesterol and triglycerides. The lifelong persistence and resulting surplus of ACAT1 and ACAT2, and TgACAT1 and TgACAT2 enzymatic activities especially in hepatocytes and/or intestinal cells of the host may therefore at least in part be responsible for development of steatohepatitis, and generation of ballooning hepatocytes, foamy macrophages, and clear cells (foamy) colitis. These abnormalities can be explained by the suppressed autophagy (it regulates lipid metabolism) in the liver due to proliferation of T. gondii. In alcoholic steatohepatitis, ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes may also at least partly result from the fact that ethanol dose-dependently stimulate microneme secretion in T. gondii tachyzoites and parasite attachment to the host cells, thus facilitating infection of the hepatic cells. The increased serum iron levels and hepatic iron overload reported in the patients with nonalcoholic hepatitis may be caused by the excess of NO produced by activated macrophages and h...

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Possible Pivotal Role of Latent Chronic T. gondii Infection in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Cited by 2 publications

References 611 publications

Solving the New Puzzle(s) 2014-2022: Flammer Syndrome Probably Represents a Mild Endophenotype of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Mainly Associated with Ocular Disturbances and Also Due to Latent T. gondii Infection

Solving the New Puzzle(s) 2014-2022: Flammer Syndrome Probably Represents a Mild Endophenotype of Raynaud’s Phenomenon Mainly Associated with Ocular Disturbances and Also Due to Latent T. gondii Infection

Unexplained Liver Damage, Cryptogenic Liver Cirrhosis, and Steatohepatitis May Be Caused by Latent Chronic Toxoplasmosis

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