Possible Potentiation by Certain Antioxidants of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Diclofenac in Rats

Abstract

In the present study, we investigated the potential beneficial impact of the addition of antioxidant supplements to diclofenac regimen in a model of carrageenan-induced paw. Rats were treated daily with antioxidants, that is, a-lipoic acid (50 mg/kg), selenium (2.5 mg/kg), vitamin C (1 g/kg), vitamin E (300 mg/kg), or zinc (25 mg/kg) on seven successive days and then received a single treatment with diclofenac or saline before carrageenan was injected to induce paw inflammation. The results indicated that these combinations did not significantly affect the percentage inhibition of paw edema caused by diclofenac alone; however, some combination treatments ameliorated signs of concomitant oxidative stress (such as alterations in plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, hemolysate reduced glutathione levels, and erythrocytic superoxide dismutase enzyme activities) imparted by diclofenac alone. In some cases, few tested antioxidants in combination with diclofenac resulted in increased plasma levels of interleukin- (IL-) 6 and C-reactive protein (CRP). In conclusion, the results of these studies suggested to us that the added presence of natural antioxidants could be beneficial as standard anti-inflammatory therapeutics for a patient under diclofenac treatment, albeit that these effects do not appear to significantly build upon those that could be obtained from this common anti-inflammatory agent per se.

Design and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ketoprofen Delayed Delivery Systems

“…Particularly, Zn 2+ was selected as a cross-linker cation because its antioxidant properties may boost the efficacy of the anti-inflammatory drug encapsulated in the polymeric matrix. 19,20 Formulations F5, F10, and F20 with different drug/polymer mass ratios (from 1:20 to 1:5, as shown in Table 1) were obtained in a few minutes. As control, blank Zn-alginate beads (F) were produced too.…”

Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Diclofenac Sodium, Prednisolone and Atorvastatin in Combination with Ascorbic Acid

“…The combination therapy of prednisolone and 200 mg ascorbic acid comes at the second place with 69.71% inhibition. The better performance of diclofenac sodium combination therapy than prednisolone combination therapy is probably due to the fact that diclofenac sodium works on the molecular level by inhibiting COX and halting prostaglandin synthesis and in carrageenan-induced inflammation, there is an increased expression of COX 2 and PGE2 [ 20 ]. However, prednisolone works on the genetic level by repressing the transcription of several genes which take a longer time to show the expected effect as it is a longer route of action.…”

“…The paw edema volume was measured by plethysmometer, each hour up to 4 th hour after injecting carrageenan and compared with the carrageenan mediated paw edema in the groups treated with monotherapy and combination therapy of drugs. The drugs were administered one hour before the carrageenan injection and the percentage of inhibition was measured every hour up to 4 hours [ 20 ]. The following formula was used for determining the percentage of inhibition [ 14 ].…”

NSAIDS: Design and Development of Innovative Oral Delivery Systems

“…The engineered particles were produced by prilling/ionotropic gelation technique using alginate as gastroresistant polymer carrier and zinc as cross-linking agent. Particularly, Zn 2+ was also selected for its anti-oxidant properties that may boost the efficacy of the anti-inflammatory drug encapsulated in the polymeric matrix [43,44]. After the production, hydrated particles were then exposed to standard room conditions (22 °C; 67% RH) for 12-18 h until constant weight was reached obtaining xerogel beads.…”