Possible relation between olfaction and anxiety in healthy subjects

Takahashi, Tsutomu; Itoh, Hiroko; Nishikawa, Yumiko; Higuchi, Yuko; Nakamura, Mihoko; Sasabayashi, Daiki; Nishiyama, Shimako; Mizukami, Yuko; Masaoka, Yuri; Suzuki, Michio

doi:10.1111/pcn.12277

Cited by 34 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Depressed patients are more likely to have olfactory dysfunction, and anosmic patients are more likely to exhibit depressive symptoms (Pause et al 2001;Croy et al 2012Croy et al , 2014. Though less well-established than the relationship with depression, olfaction and anxiety may be associated (Takahashi et al 2015); anxiety was measured with the NSHAP Anxiety Symptoms Measure (NASM), derived from the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale's Anxiety Subscale (La Buissonnière-Ariza et al 2013; Payne et al 2014). Finally, selfreported physical and mental health were included as potential confounders in order to account for possible individual bias towards optimistic or pessimistic self-report of all health variables.…”

Section: Potential Confounding Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Associated with Inaccurate Self-Reporting of Olfactory Dysfunction in Older US Adults

Adams

Wroblewski

Kern

et al. 2016

CHEMSE

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Self-reported olfactory function has poor sensitivity (i.e., people with measured olfactory dysfunction are unlikely to accurately report it). We aimed to identify factors associated with lack of awareness of smell dysfunction. Objective odor identification was evaluated using a validated 5-item test in respondents from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, a representative sample of home-dwelling, US adults ages 57-85 (n = 1468). Self-reported olfaction was assessed with a 5-point Likert scale. Using multivariate logistic regression, we tested factors that might influence inaccuracy of self-reported olfaction, including age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, cognition, comorbidity, smoking, depression, anxiety, self-rated mental and physical health, and social activity. Among older US adults, 12.4% reported their sense of smell as fair or poor, while 22.0% had objective olfactory dysfunction (≤3 items correct out of 5). Among those with measured olfactory dysfunction, 74.2% did not recognize it; these individuals were more likely to be older, Black, never married, and to have worse cognitive function compared to individuals who recognized their dysfunction (P < 0.05, all). Individuals who lacked awareness of their olfactory dysfunction had the greatest cognitive impairment at 5-year follow-up, followed by individuals aware of their dysfunction and finally normosmics (P < 0.001). Older Americans with measured olfactory dysfunction are unlikely to report it, and those who lack awareness of this dysfunction have distinct demographic, social, and cognitive characteristics. Therefore, clinicians should objectively test patients. Individuals who lack awareness of their olfactory dysfunction have poor cognitive outcomes and should receive additional clinical scrutiny.

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Section: Potential Confounding Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Associated with Inaccurate Self-Reporting of Olfactory Dysfunction in Older US Adults

Adams

Wroblewski

Kern

et al. 2016

CHEMSE

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“…A growing literature indicates structural and functional changes of the olfactory system with fear and threat ( Ahs et al, 2013 , Jones et al, 2008 , Kass et al, 2013 ), as well as olfactory differences with anxiety ( La Buissonniere-Ariza et al, 2013 , Takahashi et al, 2015 ) and fear-related disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ( Berlin et al, 2017 , Buron et al, 2015 , Cortese et al, 2015b , Dileo et al, 2008 , Vasterling et al, 2000 ). These observations suggest a linkage between the neurobiology of olfactory function and anxiety-fear systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary evidence for differential olfactory and trigeminal processing in combat veterans with and without PTSD

Cortese¹,

Schumann²,

Howell³

et al. 2018

NeuroImage: Clinical

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Structural and functional changes in the olfactory system are increasingly implicated in the expression of PTSD. Still, very little is known about the neurobiological networks of trauma-related odor sensitivity or how they relate to other objective and subjective measures of olfaction and PTSD. The purpose of this study was to replicate prior findings and further characterize olfactory function in trauma-exposed combat veterans with and without PTSD. We also sought to extend this area of research by exploring the effects of time since the combat-related index trauma (TST) on post-trauma olfactory function, as well as by correlating odor-elicited brain activity to general olfactory ability and odor-elicited PTSD symptoms. Participants included combat veterans with PTSD (CV+PTSD; n = 21) or without any psychiatric disorder (CV-PTSD; n = 27). TST was coded as greater (n = 24) or less (n = 24) than 5 years. There were main effects and/or interaction for PTSD-status and TST across several parameters of olfactory function: odor detection, odor identification, ratings for trauma-related odor intensity and triggered PTSD symptoms, and trauma odor-elicited brain activation. Overall, results suggest olfactory impairment in chronic PTSD, but not necessarily in the earlier stages of the disorder, although some early-stage olfactory findings may be predictive of later olfactory impairment. Results also suggest that trauma-exposed individuals who never develop PTSD may demonstrate olfactory resiliency. Finally, results highlight a potentially unique role of trigeminal odor properties in the olfactory-PTSD relationship.

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“…Before and after the picture encoding-retrieval memory tasks, participants completed an odor rating task and filled questionnaires regarding their affective state (as assessed with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988; German version, Janke & Glöckner-Rist, 2014 and anxiety state Spielberger, 1968). Information regarding affective and anxiety states were collected because previous studies have shown that olfactory perception can be modulated by emotional states (Kadohisa, 2013;Krusemark, Novak, Gitelman, & Li, 2013;Takahashi et al, 2015; see Data S1 for the results of mood assessment). The odor rating was done to familiarize all participants with the masked body odor or with the masker odor that was used in the subsequent stages of the study (compare Reichert et al, 2017) and to make sure that the masking procedure worked.…”

Section: Odor Ratings and Mood Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human body odor increases familiarity for faces during encoding‐retrieval task

Cecchetto

Fischmeister

Gorkiewicz

et al. 2020

Human Brain Mapping

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Odors can increase memory performance when presented as context during both encoding and retrieval phases. Since information from different sensory modalities is integrated into a unified conceptual knowledge, we hypothesize that the social information from body odors and faces would be integrated during encoding. The integration of such social information would enhance retrieval more so than when the encoding occurs in the context of common odors. To examine this hypothesis and to further explore the underlying neural correlates of this behavior, we have conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in which participants performed an encoding‐retrieval memory task for faces during the presentation of common odor, body odor or clean air. At the behavioral level, results show that participants were less biased and faster in recognizing faces when presented in concomitance with the body odor compared to the common odor. At the neural level, the encoding of faces in the body odor condition, compared to common odor and clean air conditions, showed greater activation in areas related to associative memory (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), odor perception and multisensory integration (orbitofrontal cortex). These results suggest that face and body odor information were integrated and as a result, participants were faster in recognizing previously presented material.

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Possible relation between olfaction and anxiety in healthy subjects

Cited by 34 publications

References 40 publications

Factors Associated with Inaccurate Self-Reporting of Olfactory Dysfunction in Older US Adults

Factors Associated with Inaccurate Self-Reporting of Olfactory Dysfunction in Older US Adults

Preliminary evidence for differential olfactory and trigeminal processing in combat veterans with and without PTSD

Human body odor increases familiarity for faces during encoding‐retrieval task

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