2021
DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00741-4
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Possible role of rice bran extract in microglial modulation through PPAR-gamma receptors in alzheimer’s disease mice model

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Cited by 14 publications
(10 citation statements)
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“…It has been demonstrated that peripheral macrophages enhance infiltration of the hippocampus in DSS-induced mice, along with the increased frequency of M1-like microglia and increased release of proinflammatory cytokines [ 6 ]. Several studies have shown that in the disease process of AD, PPAR-γ plays an essential role in inhibiting the M1 polarization of microglia and promoting M2 polarization [ 46 , 47 , 48 ]. Like macrophages, iNOS is also a marker of M1 polarization in microglia and is widely recognized [ 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It has been demonstrated that peripheral macrophages enhance infiltration of the hippocampus in DSS-induced mice, along with the increased frequency of M1-like microglia and increased release of proinflammatory cytokines [ 6 ]. Several studies have shown that in the disease process of AD, PPAR-γ plays an essential role in inhibiting the M1 polarization of microglia and promoting M2 polarization [ 46 , 47 , 48 ]. Like macrophages, iNOS is also a marker of M1 polarization in microglia and is widely recognized [ 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…BBR has been found to partially improve neuroinflammation by reducing IL-6 and TNF-α levels in LPS-induced BV-2 cells, indicating a potential preventive or delayed onset of early AD ( 255 ). Rice bran extract (RBE), a novel PPARγ regulator that enhances cognitive function in rats ( 256 ), also exerts anti-inflammatory effects by regulating microglia phenotype in LPS-induced mice ( 257 ). RBE and PIO can both regulate microglia M1 to M2 phenotype, significantly reducing the expression of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory microglia markers (CD45), while increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory microglia markers and PPARγ ( 257 ).…”
Section: Pparmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Rice bran extract (RBE), a novel PPARγ regulator that enhances cognitive function in rats ( 256 ), also exerts anti-inflammatory effects by regulating microglia phenotype in LPS-induced mice ( 257 ). RBE and PIO can both regulate microglia M1 to M2 phenotype, significantly reducing the expression of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory microglia markers (CD45), while increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory microglia markers and PPARγ ( 257 ). Additionally, RBE can reduce Aβ 42 deposition and p-tau protein levels, thereby effectively ameliorating AD pathology ( 257 ).…”
Section: Pparmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Such strategies have been explored in clinical trials for neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Compounds as pioglitazone or D (dendrimer)-tesaglitazar (a dendrimer-PPARα/γ dual agonist conjugate to pass BBB), as well as extracts of a variety of rice seem to significantly decrease the expression of NF-κβ and the pro-inflammatory microglial marker (CD45) in parallel with increasing the expression of the anti-inflammatory microglial and phagocytic markers (arginase1, CD163, and CD36) 137 , 182 (H) In recent years, many studies have addressed the possibility of blocking receptors that trigger the microglial pro-inflammatory response 146 , 147 using antibody therapies or specific drugs. 183 In this regard, substances like BLZ945 inhibit the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor 183 and it may also be possible to use other novel antibodies that block pro-inflammatory substances.…”
Section: Potential Strategies To Combat Ad Based On Modifying the Act...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Such strategies have been explored in clinical trials for neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Compounds as pioglitazone or D (dendrimer)-tesaglitazar (a dendrimer-PPARα/γ dual agonist conjugate to pass BBB), as well as extracts of a variety of rice seem to significantly decrease the expression of NF-κβ and the pro-inflammatory microglial marker (CD45) in parallel with increasing the expression of the anti-inflammatory microglial and phagocytic markers (arginase1, CD163, and CD36) 137 , 182 …”
Section: Potential Strategies To Combat Ad Based On Modifying the Act...mentioning
confidence: 99%