Possible role of ultraviolet radiation in evolution ofCannabis chemotypes

Pate, David W.

doi:10.1007/bf02904200

Cited by 52 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Events of duplication could have led to a higher CBDAS variation, to the formation of CBDAS pseudogenes and to the rise of new sequences coding for a new enzyme able to oxidocyclize CBGA in a new way, thus producing THCA. The subsequent loss of function of CBDAS sequences led to the appearance of THCA chemotypes, presumably in environments conferring some advantage to a high THCA synthesis (as hypothesized by Pate, 1983). Finally, the long history of Cannabis domestication led to further separation and specialization of the sequences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Sequence heterogeneity of cannabidiolic- and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-synthase in Cannabis sativa L. and its relationship with chemical phenotype

2015

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Sequence heterogeneity of cannabidiolic- and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-synthase in Cannabis sativa L. and its relationship with chemical phenotype

2015

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“…Robberecht et al (1980) demonstrated a correlation between flavonoids and exposure to solar ultraviolet among plants in similar ecosystems. Pate (1983) noted a correlation between content of A9-tetrahydrocannabinol and UV-B exposure in natural populations of Cannabis. More directly, Caldwell et al (1983) have shown that extraction of flavonoids and other polyphenols greatly increases the transmittance of epidermal strips to light between 280 and 400 nm.…”

Section: Wavelength (Nm)mentioning

confidence: 97%

WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION‐INDUCED MORTALITY AND K+ EFFLUX IN CULTURED CELLS OF Rosa damascena

Murphy

Hurrell

Sasaki

1985

Photochem & Photobiology

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The sensitivity of the colony-forming ability of rose-cell cultures (Rosa damascena L. cv Gloire de Guilan) to ultraviolet radiation has been measured for wavelengths from 240-334 nm. These cultures are much less sensitive than bacteria and animal cells in the region from 240-310 nm, an observation attributed to the presence in rose cells of ultraviolet-radiation-absorbing compounds. The effect of the same wavelengths on K+ efflux was also measured and compared to the spectrum for lethality. K + efflux or damage leading to K+ efflux might contribute to lethality at wavelengths longer than 290 nm but not at shorter wavelengths.

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“…Factors that have been examined include temperature Sikora et al, 2011), nutrient availability (Coffman & Gentner, 1975Bócsa et al, 1997), light intensity (Potter & Duncombe, 2012), untraviolet light intensity (Lydon et al, 1987;Pate, 1994), light quality (Mahlberg & Hemphill, 1983), and photoperiod (Valle et al, 1978). Haney and Kutscheid (1973) demonstrated that wild hemp populations in Illinois were highest in cannabinoids when stressed, either by nutrient limitations or by drought, although shading did not have any measurable effect.…”

Section: Factors Associated With Variation Of Thcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is some evidence that drought, high light intensity, and high elevations (and therefore greater UV light) increase the release of exudate on the leaf surfaces, and this has led to the hypothesis that the resin is a protective sunscreen (Bouquet, 1950, stated that the resin is an "insulating protective varnish" against high temperature and moisture loss.) Pate (1983) hypothesized that THC is protective against ultraviolet-B radiation. However, Lydon et al (1987) concluded that "the contribution of cannabinoids as selective UV-B filters in C. sativa is equivocal."…”

Section: Adaptive Purpose Of the Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Why the cannabinoids have evolved remains open to speculation (indeed, why other species in the Cannabaceae have secretory epidermal cells is equally unclear). Most secondary compounds are likely a) metabolic waste products, b) generalized anti-biotics (against all harmful classes of organisms; see Pate (1994)), or c) evolutionary holdovers from ancestors in which the chemicals were adaptive. The cannabinoids probably fall within one or more of these categories.…”

Section: Adaptive Purpose Of the Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization

2015

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Cannabis sativa has been employed for thousands of years, primarily as a source of a stem fiber (both the plant and the fiber termed "hemp") and a resinous intoxicant (the plant and its drug preparations commonly termed "marijuana"). Studies of relationships among various groups of domesticated forms of the species and wildgrowing plants have led to conflicting evolutionary interpretations and different classifications, including splitting C. sativa into several alleged species. This review examines the evolving ways Cannabis has been used from ancient times to the present, and how human selection has altered the morphology, chemistry, distribution and ecology of domesticated forms by comparison with related wild plants. Special attention is given to classification, since this has been extremely contentious, and is a key to understanding, exploiting and controlling the plant. Differences that have been used to recognize cultivated groups within Cannabis are the results of disruptive selection for characteristics selected by humans. Wild-growing plants, insofar as has been determined, are either escapes from domesticated forms or the results of thousands of years of widespread genetic exchange with domesticated plants, making it impossible to determine if unaltered primeval or ancestral populations still exist. The conflicting approaches to classifying and naming plants with such interacting domesticated and wild forms are examined. It is recommended that Cannabis sativa be recognized as a single species, within which there is a narcotic subspecies with both domesticated and ruderal varieties, and similarly a non-narcotic subspecies with both domesticated and ruderal varieties. An alternative approach consistent with the international code of nomenclature for cultivated plants is proposed, recognizing six groups: two composed of essentially non-narcotic fiber and oilseed cultivars as well as an additional group composed of their hybrids; and two composed of narcotic strains as well as an additional group composed of their hybrids.

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Possible role of ultraviolet radiation in evolution ofCannabis chemotypes

Cited by 52 publications

References 17 publications

Sequence heterogeneity of cannabidiolic- and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-synthase in Cannabis sativa L. and its relationship with chemical phenotype

Sequence heterogeneity of cannabidiolic- and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-synthase in Cannabis sativa L. and its relationship with chemical phenotype

WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION‐INDUCED MORTALITY AND K+ EFFLUX IN CULTURED CELLS OF Rosa damascena

Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization

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