Possible Roles of Periostin in the Formation of Hemodialysis Vascular Access Stenosis after Polytetrafluoroethylene Graft Implantation in Dogs

Abstract

Periostin, a recently found matricellular protein, has been implicated in neointima formation after balloon injury. However, the relationship between periostin and hyperplastic intima formation after PTFE graft implantation is unclear. Under mixed anesthesia, PTFE grafts were implanted between the canine carotid artery and jugular vein, and PTFE graft samples were harvested 1, 2, and 4 months after implantation. Intima formation started on the luminal surface of PTFE grafts at the venous anastomotic region 1 month after implantation. Thereafter, the increase in intimal volume was not only observed in the venous and arterial anastomotic regions, but also in the middle region of the PTFE grafts. In accordance with the increased intimal formation, time-dependent increases in mRNA expressions of periostin and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), as well as a strong positive correlation between periostin and TGF-β1, were observed. These findings suggest that periostin may play a very important role in the pathogenesis of hemodialysis vascular access stenosis through the acceleration of intimal formation. Thus, periostin may be a very important therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular access graft dysfunction in hemodialysis patients.

Increase in Chymase-Positive Mast Cells in Recurrent Pleomorphic Adenoma and Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Parotid Gland

“…Ten sheets of the 10 µm-thick paraffin sections were collected from the respective formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks using a microtome to extract the RNA of the tissue, using methods described elsewhere [ 41 ]. Total RNA was extracted by the protocol provided in the total RNA isolation kit (ISOGEN PB Kit, NIPPON GENE Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).…”

Mechanism of Albuminuria Reduction by Chymase Inhibition in Diabetic Mice

“…Renal total RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent (Life Technologies, Rockville, MD, USA) and subsequently dissolved in RNase-free water (Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Japan) [ 47 ]. Total RNA (1 μg) was transcribed into cDNA with Superscript VIRO (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA).…”

“…The glomerulus histological change was assessed using PAS staining [ 48 ]. Mast cells were stained with 0.05% toluidine blue (Chroma-Gesellschaft, Stuttgart, Germany) [ 47 ].…”

Chymase as a Novel Therapeutic Target in Acute Pancreatitis

“…The fixed tissue was paraffin-embedded, and sections were prepared at a thickness of 3 µm. The sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and toluidine blue to identify mast cells [31,32]. To measure the numbers of neutrophils and chymase-positive cells, immunohistochemical staining was performed using an anti-chymase antibody (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan) and an anti-neutrophil elastase antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA) [31,32].…”

“…The sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and toluidine blue to identify mast cells [31,32]. To measure the numbers of neutrophils and chymase-positive cells, immunohistochemical staining was performed using an anti-chymase antibody (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan) and an anti-neutrophil elastase antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA) [31,32]. Sections were incubated for 1 h at temperature with anti-chymase antibody or anti-neutrophil elastase antibody C, followed by reaction with components from a labeled streptavidin-biotin peroxidase kit, including 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole color development (Dako LSAB kit, DAKO, Carpinteria, CA, USA).…”