Possible Short-Term Biological Effects of Kefir: Ⅱ: Protective Role and Therapeutic Efficacy of Kefir Beverage on The Cell Biological, Histochemical, Histopathological and Biochemical Changes in Liver of High-Fat-Fed STZ- Induced Diabetic Male Wistar Rat

Abstract

This study was designed to investigate the protective role of kefir and insulin consumption on cellular activities, histochemical components, histological architecture, and integrity of the liver by measuring IL-6 and TNFα in high fat-fed STZ-induced diabetic male Wistar rats.From a cell biological and histochemical point of view, both kefir and insulin have beneficial various effects on cellular activities and the histochemical components such as DNA, RNA, total protein, collagen, polysaccharides, and phospholipids materials synthesis in the examined normal and diabetic hepatocytes of the male rats. Biochemically, kefir and insulin have various biochemical effects on the serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels.From a pathological point of view, we can say the beneficial various cell biological and histochemical effects of kefir, pathologically may make kefir, to some extent, completely repair all the pathological side effects of type1 diabetes on the hepatocytes in diabetic rats. Also, insulin repair some of the pathological side effects of diabetes on the hepatocytes.The positive results of using kefir and insulin in treating the pathogen effects of diabetes make it possible to obtain positive clinical applications/implications. Therefore, these positive results encourage us to continue working and complete the various long-term pre-clinical trials and clinical trials phases. Composition of HFD: Induction of Diabetes Mellitus:Diabetes mellitus was experimentally induced in male animals by streptozotocin, STZ was dissolved in cold 0.01 M citrate buffer, pH 4.5, and always prepared freshly for immediate use within 5 minutes. Rats were fasted for overnight to induce diabetes by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at the dose of 45 mg/kg body weight (Judiono et al., 2011;Suharyo et al., 2012;Giovana et al., 2014). The normal control group was given citrate buffer without STZ. The development of diabetes was confirmed after 48 hours -7 days of STZ injection. The animals with fasting blood glucose levels of more than 200 mg/dl were considered as diabetic and included in this study. For glucose assay, blood samples were collected from the tail-tip or tail-vein of the rats and measured using a glucometer. Animal Grouping:The experimental animals were divided into six groups 10 animals each, 3 nondiabetic, and 3 diabetic groups: Experiment I: Group 1: Control animals, (negative group) were fed a standard diet plus oral administration of distilled water at a dose of 0.7 ml/animal/day. Group 2: Animals were fed a standard diet and received oral administration of kefir (0.7 ml/animal/day). Group 3: Animals received a high-fat diet (HFD) and additionally oral administration of kefir (0.7 ml/animal/day). Experiment II: Group A: Diabetic group (positive group), was fed HFD and received oral administration of distilled water (0.7 ml/animal/day). Group B: Diabetic animals received HFD plus oral administration of kefir (0.7 ml/animal/day. Group C: Diabetic group, fed HFD, was subcutaneously injected insulin (0.76 UI/200 m...