Post Activation Potentiation in North American High School Football Players

Tano, Granite; Bishop, A. W.; Berning, Joseph M.; Adams, Kent J.; DeBeliso, Mark

doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000518168.07122.28

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The improvement in the SLJ noted in the current study as a result of the PAP WU is consistent with previous studies that have demonstrated that a PAP WU can significantly increase both upper and lower body power output [ 26 , 27 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. The SLJ is a full-body coordinated movement driven by lower-body muscle power.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…However, the athlete’s strength to body mass ratios were on average 1.03 kg Est 1-RM back squat/kg body mass, which cannot be considered high relative strength. This is the third such study that has demonstrated that PAP can be effective in individuals with lower relative body strength [ 26 , 27 ]. However, we acknowledge that the effects of the PAP stimulus used in this study may be amplified in participants with higher relative strength.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal Timing for Post-Activation Potentiation in Women Collegiate Volleyball Players

Sue

Adams

DeBeliso

2016

Sports

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Post-activation potentiation (PAP) has been shown to acutely amplify muscular power output and may be advantageous for athletes looking to improve performance. PAP may have an acute window of effectiveness between 2 to 20 min. With correct timing and implementation it may be possible to induce PAP in competitive situations. The purpose of this study was to examine the time frame of potentiation following a PAP warm-up in collegiate female volleyball players. In this study, nine female collegiate volleyball players completed three laboratory sessions over the course of 10 days. During the first session, the athlete’s 5-RM back squat was determined for subsequent use as the conditioning activity to initiate PAP. A repeated measures experimental design was then employed for Sessions 2 and 3 where half of the participants alternately performed either a dynamic or PAP warm-up prior to performing a standing long jump (SLJ) at 2, 6, 10, 14, and 18 min. A mixed-factor repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the effects of the two warm-up strategies (PAP vs. dynamic) on standing long jump (SLJ) performance across time. There was a significant effect for time (p < 0.01) and warm-up strategy (p < 0.01). Bonferroni post hoc techniques determined that the SLJs that followed the PAP warm-up were significantly greater at 2 (4.8%), 6 (3.6%), and 10 (3.6%) min compared to SLJs post-dynamic warm-up (p < 0.05). However, those differences did not persist at 14 or 18 min (p > 0.05). Further analysis included non-parametric pairwise comparisons (Wilcoxon signed-rank tests) between the SLJ scores at 2, 6, 10, 14, and 18 min (PAP vs. dynamic). The non-parametric results were consistent with the parametric results. Within the parameters of this study, it is concluded that performing a 5-RM back squat induces a measureable PAP effect for up to 10 min.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Timing for Post-Activation Potentiation in Women Collegiate Volleyball Players

Sue

Adams

DeBeliso

2016

Sports

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“…The improvement in SLJ performance as a result of implementing a PAP WU is consistent with previous studies which have demonstrated that a PAP warm-up can significantly increase both upper and lower body power output (Harris et al, 2004;Harris et al, 2006;Mallander et al, 2006;Berning et al, 2010;Harris et al, 2011;Dove et al, 2013;Hamilton et al, 2016;Ah Sue et al, 2016, Tano et al, 2016.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Nevertheless, it may be reasonable to think that an elevated neuromuscular state induced by a PAP WU might well lead to a slight edge over the competition for the early minutes of football game. Whilst plays occurring at the end of the game gather the most attention, we agree with Tano et al, 2016 in that "all plays count equally". Implementing a pregame PAP WU strategy that could win the early plays of the game could establish the momentum for the entire game.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Effects of high intensity deadlift on standing long jump ability

Whiting

Bishop

Harris

et al. 2018

Turkish Journal of Kinesiology

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Post activation potentiation (PAP) is an acute enhancement of muscular function subsequent to an intense muscle conditioning activity. Practical application of PAP as a physical preparation for enhanced performance is a topic of considerable interest in the sport performance community. The purpose of this study was to determine if a dynamic warm-up (WU) plus a progression of deadlift (DL) sets culminating in a one-repetition maximum DL (1-RM DL) (i.e., a PAP conditioning activity) is more effective in improving the standing long jump (SLJ) as opposed to using a dynamic WU alone. Secondarily, it was of interest to determine if there was a meaningful relationship between the 1-RM DL and SLJ ability. Twenty NCAA Division I male North American football players participated in the study (age=20.3±2.3 years, height=183.5±6.3 cm, mass=96.3±17.1 kg). Participants met three times separated by one week. The initial gathering was an orientation meeting where participants were briefed on the study protocol and height, age and body mass were recorded. During the first data collection the participants completed a dynamic WU immediately followed by a progression of DLs culminating in a 1-RM DL; this served as a PAP conditioning activity. Following the PAP WU (5-6 minutes) the participants completed two trials of SLJs separated by 2-3 minutes. During the second data collection the participants completed the dynamic WU only followed (5-6 minutes) by the participants completing two trials of SLJs separated by 2-3 minutes. A paired t-test was used to compare the maximum SLJ between WU conditions and a Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was calculated to compare 1-RM DLs with SLJ scores. The SLJ was significantly greater (4.3±7.5 cm) following the 1-RM DL PAP warm-up (p<0.01). The relationship between the 1-RM DL and SLJ scores was r=0.53 (p<0.01) with a coefficient of determination of CD=0.28. Within the parameters of this study, a dynamic WU that included a 1-RM DL as a PAP conditioning activity significantly improved SLJ performance over a dynamic WU alone. Further, there is a moderate positive relationship between maximum DL performance and SLJ ability.

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“…According to the current state of research, it can be suggested that American football players might be very sensitive to PAPE because of their physical characteristics and sport specific requirements [ 25 ] containing short explosive power and strength elements including sprinting, tackling and blocking [ 26 ]. To date, only insufficient empirical data exist for the effect of PAPE protocols in American football players [ 10 , 27 , 28 ]. For example, Tano and colleagues [ 28 ] found significant improvements in 20-yard sprint and sled push following a conditioning contraction compared to a dynamic warm-up in high school football players.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does one heavy load back squat set lead to postactivation performance enhancement of three-point explosion and sprint in third division American football players?

Bielitzki

Hamacher

Zech

2021

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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Background American football players need the ability to provide maximal muscular power in a modicum of time. Postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE), which is characterized by an acute improvement of a performance measure following conditioning contractions, could be of value for American football players. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a heavy load back squat PAPE protocol on three-point explosion (TPE; an essential blocking technique and drill) and 40-yard dash (40YD) performance compared to a traditional warm-up in American football players. Methods In a crossover study design, eighteen male competitive regional league American football players (mean ± SD: body mass 93.9 ± 15.5 kg, height 181.4 ± 6.8 cm, age 24.8 ± 3.9 years) performed a TPE on a double blocking sled (weight: 150 kg) and a 40YD (36.6 m with a 5 and 10 m split) 8 min after two different warm-up conditions. One condition was a traditional, football specific warm-up (TWU) consisting of game related movements (e.g. backward lunges, lateral power steps), whereas the other condition (PAPE) consisted of three explosive back squats with a load of 91 % one-repetition maximum. Results There was no significant difference in TPE between TWU and PAPE. For the 40YD, we found significantly shorter sprint times in the PAPE condition with medium effect sizes for the 5 m (p = 0.007; r = 0.45) and 10 m (p = 0.020; r = 0.39) but not for the whole 36.6 m distance (p = 0.084; r = 0.29) compared to the TWU condition. Conclusions The used heavy load back squat PAPE protocol improved sprint performance over short distances (≤ 10 m) but not complex movements like the three-point explosion.

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Post Activation Potentiation in North American High School Football Players

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Optimal Timing for Post-Activation Potentiation in Women Collegiate Volleyball Players

Optimal Timing for Post-Activation Potentiation in Women Collegiate Volleyball Players

Effects of high intensity deadlift on standing long jump ability

Does one heavy load back squat set lead to postactivation performance enhancement of three-point explosion and sprint in third division American football players?

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