Post-build thermomechanical processing of wire arc additively manufactured stainless steel for improved mechanical properties and reduction of crystallographic texture

Elmer, J. W.; Fisher, Karl A.; Gibbs, Gordon R.; Sengthay, John; Urabe, D. S.

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.102573

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Moreover, wire-based additive manufacturing has the potential to generate semi-finished products, such as custom plates that can be formed into shape by conventional methods or custom forging blanks with unique shapes that enhance forging properties. However, the thermomechanical post-processing of wire-based additive manufactured parts remains to be thoroughly explored [ 67 ]. The gradual buildup of metal parts through the melting of metal wire using an electric arc as the heat source is the essence of WAAM.…”

Section: Studied Additive Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufacturing Post-Processing Treatments, a Review with Emphasis on Mechanical Characteristics

et al. 2023

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Additive manufacturing (AM) comes in various types of technologies and comparing it with traditional fabrication methods provides the possibility of producing complex geometric parts directly from Computer-Aided Designs (CAD). Despite answering challenges such as poor workability and the need for tooling, the anisotropy of AM constructions is the most serious issue encountered by their application in industry. In order to enhance the microstructure and functional behavior of additively fabricated samples, post-processing treatments have gained extensive attention. The aim of this research is to provide critical, comprehensive, and objective methods, parameters and results’ synthesis for post-processing treatments applied to AM builds obtained by 3D printing technologies. Different conditions for post-processing treatments adapted to AM processes were explored in this review, and demonstrated efficiency and quality enhancement of parts. Therefore, the collected results show that mechanical characteristics (stress state, bending stress, impact strength, hardness, fatigue) have undergone significant improvements for 3D composite polymers, copper-enhanced and aluminum-enhanced polymers, shape memory alloys, high-entropy alloys, and stainless steels. However, for obtaining a better mechanical performance, the research papers analyzed revealed the crucial role of related physical characteristics: crystallinity, viscosity, processability, dynamic stability, reactivity, heat deflection temperature, and microstructural structure.

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Section: Studied Additive Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufacturing Post-Processing Treatments, a Review with Emphasis on Mechanical Characteristics

et al. 2023

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“…The specific choice of the alloy depends on the operating conditions and particular requirements of each application. [12][13][14][15] Duplex stainless steels (DSS) generate significant interest in these industrial sectors because their iron-based chemical composition with high contents of chromium and nickel favors the stabilization at room temperature of the microstructure, consisting of roughly equal proportions of austenitic (γ) and ferritic (δ) phases. [16][17][18][19][20] This microstructure provides DSS with a favorable combination of mechanical and anticorrosive properties, ensuring high levels of corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures, as well as optimal toughness and ductility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Nitrogen‐Added Shielding Gas on Microstructure Evolution of Welded Joints by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process in Duplex Stainless Steel 2205

Rodriguez‐Vargas,

Stornelli,

Miranda Pérez

et al. 2024

steel research int.

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Duplex stainless steels (DSS), due to their high corrosion resistance, primarily attributed to their austenite‐ferrite duplex microstructure, are widely used in industrial sector such as petrolchimical and gas natural industries. Maintaining this microstructure is crucial during manufacturing processes, including welding which presents the challenge of minimizing ferritization in the heat‐affected zone (HAZ) or weld zone (WZ), as it can significantly reduce their corrosion resistance. This work aims to describe the influence of nitrogen gas in the Ar–N2 shielding atmosphere when depositing beads on 2205 DSS plates, using a gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. It is observed that at low nitrogen load (98%Ar–2%N2), the austenite content reaches 49% in WZ and 29% in HAZ. When the nitrogen percentage is increased (50%Ar–50%N2), the austenite content rises to 67% and 37%, respectively. The joint is evaluated macro‐ and microstructurally to observe the atmosphere impact on weld bead geometry and microstructural development. Additionally, hardness is assessed throughout the weld bead. The work demonstrates that, with a 50%Ar–50%N2 shielding gas mixture, it is possible to limit the formation of ferrite in the WZ and HAZ of DSS during the welding process, without altering the microhardness trend of the welded joint.

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“…Compared with traditional manufacturing methods (casting, forging, etc. ), additive manufacturing can reduce complicated steps such as casting models, shorten the manufacturing time and cycle of products, and improve manufacturing efficiency and material utilization [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process uses the arc as the heat source to melt the wire and adopts the layer-by-layer cladding principle to continuously deposit the additive components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement in Microstructure and Properties of 304 Steel Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing by the Micro-Control Deposition Trajectory

Zhang,

Liu,

Zhao

et al. 2024

Materials

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In this study, the GMAW welding torch was controlled by a stepping motor to achieve a periodic swing. By controlling the swing speed, a micro-variable deposition path was obtained, which was called the micro-control deposition trajectory. The influence of the micro-control deposition trajectory on the arc characteristics, microstructure, and mechanical properties of 304 steel wire arc additive manufacturing was studied. The results showed that the micro-control deposition process was affected by the swing arc and the deposition trajectory and that the arc force was dispersed over the whole deposition layer, which effectively reduced the welding heat input. However, the arc centrifugal force increased with the increase in the swing speed, which easily caused instability of the arc and large spatter. Compared with common thin-walled deposition, the deposition width of micro-control thin-walled deposition components was increased. In addition, the swinging arc had a certain stirring effect on the molten pool, which was conducive to the escape of the molten pool gas and refinement of the microstructure. Below, the interface of the deposition layer, the microstructure of the common thin-walled deposition components, and the micro-control thin-walled deposition components were composed of lathy ferrite and austenite. Compared with the common deposition, when the swing speed increased to 800 °/s, the microstructure consisted of vermicular ferrite and austenite. The tensile strength and elongation of the micro-control thin-walled deposition components are higher than those of the common thin-walled deposition components. The tensile fracture mechanism of the common thin-walled deposition components and the micro-control thin-walled deposition components was the ductile fracture mechanism.

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Post-build thermomechanical processing of wire arc additively manufactured stainless steel for improved mechanical properties and reduction of crystallographic texture

Cited by 11 publications

References 67 publications

Additive Manufacturing Post-Processing Treatments, a Review with Emphasis on Mechanical Characteristics

Additive Manufacturing Post-Processing Treatments, a Review with Emphasis on Mechanical Characteristics

Effect of Nitrogen‐Added Shielding Gas on Microstructure Evolution of Welded Joints by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process in Duplex Stainless Steel 2205

Improvement in Microstructure and Properties of 304 Steel Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing by the Micro-Control Deposition Trajectory

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