Post-Earthquake Damage Assessment—Case Study of the Educational Building after the Zagreb Earthquake

Lulić, Luka; Ožić, Karlo; Kišiček, Tomislav; Hafner, Ivan; Stepinac, Mislav

doi:10.3390/su13116353

Cited by 37 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…All deformations are concentrated in piers and spandrels, and they are connected with rigid nodes. For the use of the software, official user manuals were used with a variety of useful tutorials and similar journal articles dealing with such case studies [18,[34][35][36][37][38]. The 3D model of the building and the equivalent frame made of macro-elements is shown in Figure 14.…”

Section: Numerical Model-pushover Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-Earthquake Assessment of a Historical Masonry Building after the Zagreb Earthquake—Case Study

et al. 2022

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After the Zagreb earthquakes in March of 2020, around 25,000 buildings were estimated damaged, most of them being in the historic city center. This fact is not that surprising since most of the city center buildings are unreinforced masonry structures that have not been assessed in quite some time and usually no retrofitting methods were ever applied. The rapid post-disaster assessment began the same day after the first earthquake occurred. Through mostly visual assessment methods, the basic idea is to identify the safety and usability of buildings in general. This type of assessment was also conducted in one of the oldest Croatian cultural institutions, Matica Hrvatska. It is a building of great historical significance and cultural value, as is most of the city center. Accordingly, this building was constructed with no consideration given to seismic events and with the use of traditional materials and building techniques. In the scope of this paper, urgent actions that were taken are shown with problems and challenges that occurred. Furthermore, the decision-making process after an earthquake is elaborated. In addition, a numerical model is developed in 3Muri software for structural modeling. A non-linear static pushover analysis is performed, and possible failure mechanisms are examined. Furthermore, real-life damage is compared to the software results, and a conclusion process of the building’s usability is explained. In the end, the results obtained are analyzed and conclusions regarding the efficiency of the used software are drawn.

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Section: Numerical Model-pushover Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, a building can be categorized as usable (green label), temporarily unusable (yellow label) and unusable (red label). Similar types of assessment methods have been used across the world [16][17][18][19][20]. The full explanation of the usability levels is given in [21] and Appendix A.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-Earthquake Assessment of a Historical Masonry Building after the Zagreb Earthquake—Case Study

et al. 2022

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“…Despite the evident advantages of using rigid diaphragms, recent research shows that substituting traditional wooden floors with rigid diaphragms, i.e., RC floors, can cause unwanted consequences such as cracks on the edges of the two materials or, in the worst scenario, disintegration and collapse of the masonry walls [39].…”

Section: Namementioning

confidence: 99%

Operational Modal Analysis and Non-Linear Dynamic Simulations of a Prototype Low-Rise Masonry Building

et al. 2021

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This paper focuses on the dynamic behaviour of a low-rise masonry building representing the Italian residential heritage through experimental and numerical analyses. The authors discuss an application of combined Operational Modal Analysis and Finite Element Model updating for indirect estimation of the structural parameters. Two ambient vibration tests were carried out to estimate the structure’s dynamic behaviour in operational conditions. The first experimental setup consisted of accelerometers gathered in a row along the first floor to characterize the local dynamic of the floor. Conversely, the second setup had the accelerometers placed at the building’s corners to characterize the global dynamics. The outcomes of the first setup were used to estimate the mechanical parameters of the floor, while the ones form the second were used to characterize the mechanical parameters of the masonry piers. Therefore, two finite element models were implemented: (i) a single beam with an equivalent section of the floor to grasp the local behaviour of the investigated horizontal structure; (ii) an equivalent frame model of the entire building to characterise the global dynamic behaviour. The model updating process was developed in two phases to seize local and global dynamic responses. The updated numerical model formed the basis for a sensitivity analysis using the modelling parameters. The authors chose to delve into the influence of the floor on the dynamic behaviour of low-rise masonry buildings. With this aim, non-linear dynamic analyses were carried out under different mechanical characteristics of floors, expressing the scatter for ordinary masonry buildings. The displacements’ trends along the height of the building evidenced the notable role of the floor’s stiffness in the non-linear dynamic behaviour of the building. Lastly, the authors derived the fragility curves predicting the seismic performance in failure probability under a highly severe damage state.

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“…The second earthquake occurred on 29 December, with an epicenter about 3 km from the town of Petrinja in Sisak-Moslavina County. The magnitude of the earthquake was M L = 6.2, and it had an intensity between VIII and IX according to the EMS−98 scale [ 11 ]. Both earthquakes resulted in massive property damage and, unfortunately, fatalities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting of Existing Road Bridges: State of the Art Review

et al. 2022

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The load-carrying capacity assessment of existing road bridges, is a growing challenge for civil engineers worldwide due to the age and condition of these critical parts of the infrastructure network. The critical loading event for road bridges is the live load; however, in earthquake-prone areas bridges generally require an additional seismic evaluation and often retrofitting in order to meet more stringent design codes. This paper provides a review of state-of-the-art methods for the seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing road bridges which are not covered by current design codes (Eurocode). The implementation of these methods is presented through two case studies in Croatia. The first case study is an example of how seismic assessment and retrofitting proposals should be conducted during a regular inspection. On the other hand, the second case study bridge is an example of an urgent assessment and temporary retrofit after a catastrophic earthquake. Both bridges were built in the 1960s and are located on state highways; the first one is a reinforced concrete bridge constructed monolithically on V-shaped piers, while the second is an older composite girder bridge located in Sisak-Moslavina County. The bridge was severely damaged during recent earthquakes in the county, requiring urgent assessment and subsequent strengthening of the substructure to prevent its collapse.

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Post-Earthquake Damage Assessment—Case Study of the Educational Building after the Zagreb Earthquake

Cited by 37 publications

References 61 publications

Post-Earthquake Assessment of a Historical Masonry Building after the Zagreb Earthquake—Case Study

Post-Earthquake Assessment of a Historical Masonry Building after the Zagreb Earthquake—Case Study

Operational Modal Analysis and Non-Linear Dynamic Simulations of a Prototype Low-Rise Masonry Building

Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting of Existing Road Bridges: State of the Art Review

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