Post‐exercise metabolic rate in Atlantic cod and its dependence upon the method of exhaustion

Abstract

This study tests whether or not post-exercise oxygen consumption rates (M ·  2 ) in fish are dependent upon how exhaustion is induced. A group of eight Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were each exercised using (1) a critical swimming speed (U crit ) protocol, (2) an exercise protocol designed to measure anaerobic capacity of fish (U burst ), and (3) a protocol in which the fish were chased to exhaustion manually. M ·  2 was measured for a 2-h period following exhaustion induced by all three exercise regimes (U crit , U burst and chase). Post-exercise M ·  2 following exhaustion from the U burst and chase protocols were significantly higher than post-exercise M ·  2 following the U crit protocol. Each fish during the U crit protocol exhibited maximal M ·  2 during exercise rather than during recovery, yet 75% of the fish during U burst recovery and 100% during chase recovery exhibited M ·  2 higher than that measured during U crit exercise. These results, as well as the large interindividual variations in M ·  2 among the eight fish, show that postexhaustion M ·  2 is specific to the exercise regime employed, thus, investigators must exercise caution when combining results from different exercise protocols and/or individuals.1995 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles

Interrelationships between feeding, food deprivation and swimming performance in juvenile grass carp

“…Following exhaustion at the U crit , the recovery time is 1.5 h in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (Reidy et al 1995) and about 1 h in sockeye Oncorhynchus nerka (Lee et al 2003a). These values of recovery time are very similar to the values for grass carp we measured in this study.…”

Rapid Metabolic Recovery Following Vigorous Exercise in Burrow‐Dwelling Larval Sea Lampreys(Petromyzon marinus)

“…The elevated Mo 2 also conforms with the excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) commonly observed in teleosts such as sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka; Brett and Groves 1979), fingerling rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; Weiser et al 1985;Scarabello et al 1991aScarabello et al , 1991bScarabello et al , 1992Gonzalez and McDonald 1994) and cod (Gadus morhua; Reidy et al 1995). The relative increase of postexercise Mo 2 was generally greater in ammocoetes (four-to sixfold above resting levels), however, than relative increases reported in teleosts such as trout (two to three times; Scarabello et al 1991aScarabello et al , 1991b.…”

Use of metabolism and swimming activity to evaluate the sublethal toxicity of surfactant (LAS-C12) on Mugil platanus

“…Studies with LAS indicated the reduction of swimming capacity in rainbow trout exposed to 0.2 mgL -1 (Hofer, et al, 1994), and in several other species the swimming capacity was affected in concentrations between 0.6 to 4.7 mgL -1 (Swedmark et al, 1971, Barbieri et al, 1998. Alterations in the swimming capacity are reflected in several activities of the organism such as migration, predation or success in escaping from predators, with serious ecological consequences (Reidy et al, 1995, Hymel et al, 2002. Furthermore, the decrease of the time of swimming until exhausted hinders the chances of finding the prey due to the reduction of the search area (Laurence, 1972).…”

“…If the results obtained here presented for mullet under an ecological perspective, the first response of the fish could be trying to escape, and, in the case of an environment totally polluted we could maybe find a similar response in sealed respirometers where we performed the experiments. The study of swimming capacity carried out for different species of fish provides inputs towards the understanding of the ecological role of the species in their environment since it evaluated the escape capacity from a predator (Kasapi et al, 1992), the effects of swimming activity under growth (Hammer and Schwarzl, 1996), the corporal composition and the caloric content (Reidy et al, 1995), the relationship between swimming and consumption of oxygen (Barbieri et al, 1998(Barbieri et al, , 2000(Barbieri et al, and 2002, the relationship between the shape of the caudal fin and swimming speed developed by the fish (Karposian et al, 1990), the ability and the swimming speed as a factor for the occupation of several environments within a same area (Peake et al, 1997). The swimming performance is a valid parameter and a consistent index of the subletal toxicity that can easily be incorporated into the test protocols to increase the sensitivity of the pattern of the toxicity test (Wicks, et al, 2002).…”

“…Brett and Groves (1979) demonstrated that fast swimming fish can increase their metabolism up to 10 times the standard metabolism, whereas fish of colder waters increase their metabolic rate by 2 or 3 times. In addition, the swimming performance (Beamish, 1978) was recorded as the highest position-maintaining velocity plus the fraction of the time interval of the velocity in which they become exhausted (Reidy et al, 1995;Hammer and Schwarz, 1996;Hymel, et al, 2002;Wicks, et al, 2002), i.e., the physical capacity that facilitates fish to swim against a certain water direction during a certain period of time (Howard, 1975). The active metabolism was referred by Fry (1971) as the maximum steady rate of oxygen consumption under continuous forced activity.…”