Post-exercise, passive heat acclimation with sauna or hot-water immersion provide comparable adaptations to performance in the heat in a military context

Ashworth, Edward; Cotter, James D.; Kilding, Andrew E.

doi:10.1080/00140139.2022.2058096

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…A difference between DH and HWI is the hydrostatic pressure exerted on the body (Arborelius et al 1972 ). The hydrostatic pressure during HWI did not appear to affect HR in this study, consistent with a study conducted post-exercise with DH or HWI, that reported no difference in HR between the two heating modes (Ashworth et al 2023 ). A lower HR during HWI might have been expected, as HWI can cause central blood volume expansion, increasing stroke volume whilst decreasing HR compared with non-immersion (Wilcock et al 2006 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Hot water immersion is associated with higher thermal comfort than dry passive heating for a similar rise in rectal temperature and plasma interleukin-6 concentration

Su,

Hoekstra,

Leicht

2023

Eur J Appl Physiol

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Purpose To compare the perceptual responses and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration following rectal temperature-matched dry heat exposure (DH) and hot water immersion (HWI). Methods Twelve healthy young adults (BMI 23.5 ± 3.6 kg/m2; age: 25.8 ± 5.7 years) underwent 3 trials in randomised order: DH (air temperature 68.9 °C), HWI (water temperature 37.5 °C), and thermoneutral dry exposure (CON, air temperature 27.3 °C). Blood samples to determine IL-6 plasma concentration were collected; basic affect and thermal comfort, rectal and skin temperature (Tskin) were assessed throughout the intervention. Results Rectal temperature (Trec) did not differ between DH (end temperature 38.0 ± 0.4 °C) and HWI (37.9 ± 0.2 °C, P = 0.16), but was higher compared with CON (37.0 ± 0.3 °C; P ≤ 0.004). Plasma IL-6 concentration was similar after DH (pre to post: 0.8 ± 0.5 to 1.4 ± 1.5 pg·ml−1) and HWI (0.5 ± 0.2 to 0.9 ± 0.6 pg·ml−1; P = 0.46), but higher compared with CON (0.6 ± 0.5 to 0.6 ± 0.4 pg·ml−1; P = 0.01). At the end of the intervention, basic affect and thermal comfort were most unfavourable during DH (Basic affect; DH: − 0.7 ± 2.9, HWI: 0.8 ± 1.9, CON 1.9 ± 1.9, P ≤ 0.004; Thermal comfort; 2.6 ± 0.8, HWI: 1.4 ± 0.9 and CON: 0.2 ± 0.4; P ≤ 0.004). Mean Tskin was highest for DH, followed by HWI, and lowest for CON (DH: 38.5 ± 1.3 °C, HWI: 36.2 ± 0.5 °C, CON: 31.6 ± 0.7 °C, P < 0.001). Conclusion The IL-6 response did not differ between DH and HWI when matched for the elevation in Trec. However, thermal comfort was lower during DH compared to HWI, which may be related to the higher Tskin during DH.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Hot water immersion is associated with higher thermal comfort than dry passive heating for a similar rise in rectal temperature and plasma interleukin-6 concentration

Su,

Hoekstra,

Leicht

2023

Eur J Appl Physiol

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“…Our systematic review therefore suggests HA protocols should include a modifiable exercise intensity for individuals unable to sustain target workload in the heat. A recent study suggests exercise in a thermoneutral environment followed by HWI and sauna use after exercise was effective at lowering core temperature, skin temperature and HR in younger participants, despite not showing an improvement in performance [ 41 ]. Therefore, we propose relative thermoneutral exercise followed by heat exposure may overcome difficulties of elderly populations exercising in the heat but this idea requires more investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term heat acclimation protocols for an aging population: Systematic review

et al. 2023

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Introduction Elderly and sedentary individuals are particularly vulnerable to heat related illness. Short-term heat acclimation (STHA) can decrease both the physical and mental stress imposed on individuals performing tasks in the heat. However, the feasibility and efficacy of STHA protocols in an older population remains unclear despite this population being particularly vulnerable to heat illness. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of STHA protocols (≤twelve days, ≥four days) undertaken by participants over fifty years of age. Methods Academic Search Premier, CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE, APA PsycInfo, and SPORTDiscus were searched for peer reviewed articles. The search terms were; (heat* or therm*) N3 (adapt* or acclimati*) AND old* or elder* or senior* or geriatric* or aging or ageing. Only studies using primary empirical data and which included participants ≥50 years of age were eligible. Extracted data includes participant demographics (sample size, gender, age, height, weight, BMI and V.O2max), acclimation protocol details (acclimation activity, frequency, duration and outcome measures taken) and feasibility and efficacy outcomes. Results Twelve eligible studies were included in the systematic review. A total of 179 participants took part in experimentation, 96 of which were over 50 years old. Age ranged from 50 to 76. All twelve of the studies involved exercise on a cycle ergometer. Ten out of twelve protocols used a percentage of V.O2max or V.O2peak to determine the target workload, which ranged from 30% to 70%. One study-controlled workload at 6METs and one implemented an incremental cycling protocol until Tre was reached +0.9°C. Ten studies used an environmental chamber. One study compared hot water immersion (HWI) to an environmental chamber while the remaining study used a hot water perfused suit. Eight studies reported a decrease in core temperature following STHA. Five studies demonstrated post-exercise changes in sweat rates and four studies showed decreases in mean skin temperature. The differences reported in physiological markers suggest that STHA is viable in an older population. Conclusion There remains limited data on STHA in the elderly. However, the twelve studies examined suggest that STHA is feasible and efficacious in elderly individuals and may provide preventative protection to heat exposures. Current STHA protocols require specialised equipment and do not cater for individuals unable to exercise. Passive HWI may provide a pragmatic and affordable solution, however further information in this area is required.

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Effects of Heat Adaptation on Physiology, Perception, and Exercise Performance in the Heat: An Updated Meta-Analysis

Tyler,

Reeve,

Sieh

et al. 2024

J. of SCI. IN SPORT AND EXERCISE

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Post-exercise, passive heat acclimation with sauna or hot-water immersion provide comparable adaptations to performance in the heat in a military context

Cited by 5 publications

References 55 publications

Hot water immersion is associated with higher thermal comfort than dry passive heating for a similar rise in rectal temperature and plasma interleukin-6 concentration

Hot water immersion is associated with higher thermal comfort than dry passive heating for a similar rise in rectal temperature and plasma interleukin-6 concentration

Short-term heat acclimation protocols for an aging population: Systematic review

Effects of Heat Adaptation on Physiology, Perception, and Exercise Performance in the Heat: An Updated Meta-Analysis

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