Post-exercise Recovery: Cooling and Heating, a Periodized Approach

Thorpe, Robin T.

doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.707503

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Consequently, the acronyms of PEACE (protection, elevation, avoid anti-inflammatory drugs, compression, and education) and LOVE (load, optimism, vascularization, and exercise) have emerged (Dubois and Esculier 2020 ). Whilst ice application for acute injury management is still often witnessed pitch side for sporting contact and non-contact injuries, it has more recently been transferred to form part of a periodized recovery approach to facilitate performance (Thorpe 2021 ).…”

Section: History Of Ice Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold for centuries: a brief history of cryotherapies to improve health, injury and post-exercise recovery

et al. 2022

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For centuries, cold temperatures have been used by humans for therapeutic, health and sporting recovery purposes. This application of cold for therapeutic purposes is regularly referred to as cryotherapy. Cryotherapies including ice, cold-water and cold air have been popularised by an ability to remove heat, reduce core and tissue temperatures, and alter blood flow in humans. The resulting downstream effects upon human physiologies providing benefits that include a reduced perception of pain, or analgesia, and an improved sensation of well-being. Ultimately, such benefits have been translated into therapies that may assist in improving post-exercise recovery, with further investigations assessing the role that cryotherapies can play in attenuating the ensuing post-exercise inflammatory response. Whilst considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the mechanistic changes associated with adopting cryotherapies, research focus tends to look towards the future rather than to the past. It has been suggested that this might be due to the notion of progress being defined as change over time from lower to higher states of knowledge. However, a historical perspective, studying a subject in light of its earliest phase and subsequent evolution, could help sharpen one’s vision of the present; helping to generate new research questions as well as look at old questions in new ways. Therefore, the aim of this brief historical perspective is to highlight the origins of the many arms of this popular recovery and treatment technique, whilst further assessing the changing face of cryotherapy. We conclude by discussing what lies ahead in the future for cold-application techniques.

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Section: History Of Ice Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold for centuries: a brief history of cryotherapies to improve health, injury and post-exercise recovery

et al. 2022

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“…Though further investigation is needed on the efficacy of various modalities in elite athletes ( Barnett, 2006 ). It is further proposed to utilise periodizing strategies to consolidate recovery throughout a training period but also to enhance adaptation ( Thorpe, 2021 ). When prescribing the appropriate recovery modality, practitioners must take into account the period of the season and the mechanical/metabolic/cognitive demand of the training stimulus applied ( Kellmann et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Practical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiology and Recovery of Neuromuscular Function Following Academy Soccer Training

Deely

Tallent

Bennett³

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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Aim: To profile the etiology and recovery time-course of neuromuscular function in response to a mixed-content, standard training week in professional academy soccer players. We concurrently examined physical performance, cognitive function, and perceptual measures of mood and wellness states to identify a range of simple tests applied practitioners could use in the field as surrogate measures of neuromuscular function.Methods: Sixteen professional academy soccer players completed a range of neuromuscular, physical, perceptual, mood, and cognitive function tests at baseline and after a strenuous training day (pitch and gym), with retest at 24, 48, and 72 h, and further pitch and gym sessions after 48 h post-baseline. Maximal voluntary contraction force (MVC) and twitch responses to electrical stimulation (femoral nerve) during isometric knee-extensor contractions and at rest were measured to assess central nervous system (voluntary activation, VA) and muscle contractile (potentiated twitch force, Qtw,pot) function.Results: Strenuous training elicited decrements in MVC force post-session (−11%, p = 0.001) that remained unresolved at 72 h (−6%, p = 0.03). Voluntary activation (motor nerve stimulation) was reduced immediately post-training only (−4%, p = 0.03). No change in muscle contractile function (Qtw,pot) was observed post-training, though was reduced at 24 h (−13%, p = 0.01), and had not fully recovered 72 h after (−9%, p = 0.03). Perceptions of wellness were impaired post-training, and recovered by 24 h (sleepiness, energy) and 48 h (fatigue, muscle soreness, readiness to train). Countermovement jump performance declined at 24 h, while RSI (Reactive Strength Index) decrements persisted at 48 h. No changes were evident in adductor squeeze, mood, or cognitive function.Conclusion: Elite youth soccer training elicits substantial decrements in neuromuscular function, which are still present 72 h post-strenuous exercise. Though central processes contribute to post-exercise neuromuscular alterations, the magnitude and prolonged presence of impairments in contractile function indicates it is the restitution of muscular function (peripheral mechanisms) that explains recovery from strenuous training in academy soccer players.

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“…training or competing in hot conditions, altitude training), are all factors that contribute to unique psychophysiological fatigue responses. 1 According to Thorpe, 76 it is crucial to identify the specific psychophysiological stress caused by an exercise stimulus at any point along the recovery continuum in order to prescribe an effective recovery strategy. For example, cooling interventions such as CWI or whole-body cryotherapy have the potential to mitigate secondary damage resulting from mechanical stress, 77 while heating interventions such as sauna bathing or hot water immersion have been shown to increase tissue temperature, blood flow, and metabolism, thereby reducing metabolic-associated fatigue.…”

Section: What Are General Findings On the Use Of Recovery Interventio...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery management in sport: Overview and outcomes of a nine-year multicenter research program

Wiewelhove,

Schneider,

Kellmann

et al. 2024

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching

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The nine-year multicenter research project, titled REGman—Optimization of Training and Competition: Management of Regeneration in Elite Sports—aimed to advance the understanding of recovery management in sports and generate practical recommendations. In this article, we outline the overarching research program that links the specific research strands and outputs during the two federal funding cycles (2012–2021) and summarize the main project findings. The two-stage conceptual framework involved investigating monitoring measures for short-term fatigue and recovery, as well as assessing the efficacy of various recovery interventions. These interventions encompassed psychological relaxation and recovery strategies, sleep, cooling techniques like precooling, percooling, cold water immersion, or whole-body cryotherapy, compression garments, active recovery, stretching, heating interventions such as sauna or contrast water therapy, massage, and foam rolling. The findings revealed inconclusive or marginal effects of recovery interventions at the group level, while indicating possible interindividual differences in responses. Additionally, the findings highlighted the effectiveness of diverse monitoring measures, showing satisfactory sensitivity in tracking performance changes related to fatigue and recovery. The use of individualized reference ranges significantly improved classification accuracy compared to group-based reference ranges. Athletes and coaches are encouraged to prioritize fundamental aspects of training and recovery: meticulous training planning and execution, effective sleep management, and proper nutrition. Furthermore, monitoring and analyzing individual responses, even though it demands suitable methodologies and presents challenges in high-performance sports environments, can yield valuable insights for personalized recovery management. If these aspects are comprehensively addressed, and resources allow, additional recovery strategies might be explored.

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Post-exercise Recovery: Cooling and Heating, a Periodized Approach

Cited by 16 publications

References 57 publications

Cold for centuries: a brief history of cryotherapies to improve health, injury and post-exercise recovery

Cold for centuries: a brief history of cryotherapies to improve health, injury and post-exercise recovery

Etiology and Recovery of Neuromuscular Function Following Academy Soccer Training

Recovery management in sport: Overview and outcomes of a nine-year multicenter research program

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