Post furnace formation of PCDDs and PCDFs in MSWI: Observations in an incinerator installed with quench reactor

Yamamoto, Takakazu; Inoue, Saburo

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(90)90360-6

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Major PCDD products of CuC12-catalyzed condensation of 2,6 chlorinated phenols are as follows: 1,2,3,4,6,8-H, CDD,1,2,4,6,1,2,4,7,1,2,3,6,2,3,7,and 1,3,6,3,7,. These same congeners have been identified as major PCDD products at several municipal waste incinerators where full PCDD distributions have been measured (Ballschmiter and Swerev, 1987;Yamamoto and Inoue, 1990;Weber and Hagenmaier, 1999). In work presented elsewhere (Mulholland et al, 2001b), major P C D D products derived from experiments using a typical distribution of the ten most abundant chlorinated phenols found in municipal waste incinerator emissions are shown to consist largely of those derived from the three 2,4,6 chlorinated phenols.…”

Section: Pcdd Product Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Regarding the former, Ballschmiter et al (1987 and1988) and Yamamoto et al (1989 and1990) reported that the major chlorinated phenols found in municipal waste incinerators are the congeners with ortho and para sites (2,4,6 carbons) chlorinated. There are three of these: 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-T3CP), 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,6-T4CP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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FORMATION OF POILYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS BY CuCI₂-CATALYZED CONDENSATION OF 2,6 CHLORINATED PHENOLS

Mulholland

Ryu

2001

Combustion Science and Technology

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CuC:12-catalyzed formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) from four 2,6 chlorinated phenols was studied in an isothermal flow reactor. Heated gas streams containing oxygen (8%, mole) and 2,6-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol and peiltachloropheilol vapor (300ppmv, each) were passed through I cni particle beds containing CuC12. Two gas velocities, 2.7 and 0.9 cm/s, were studied, as well as effects of varying the duration of experiments. PCDD yields were greatest between 300 "C and 450 "C, with 60% phenol conversion to PCDDs observed at low gas velocity. Over a range of conditions for which total PCDD product yields varied by two orders of magnitude, PCDD homologue and isomer distributions varied only slightly. The major PCDD product was 1,2,3,4,6,8-H&DD, formed from 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentacl~lorophei~ol. This congener, and other PCDDs formed from the three 2,4,6 cl~lorinated phenols, are major constituents of incinerator PCDD distributions.

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Section: Pcdd Product Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FORMATION OF POILYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS BY CuCI₂-CATALYZED CONDENSATION OF 2,6 CHLORINATED PHENOLS

Mulholland

Ryu

2001

Combustion Science and Technology

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“…Samples B and D were collected from a boiler in which circulated fluidized bed (CFB) incineration technology was used. The boiler had an ESP operating at temperatures higher than 300"C, which, according to previous reports [19], caused the formation of PCDDsIPCDFs. In addition, burning in this particular boiler was incomplete.…”

Section: Boiler Characteristics and Chemical Analyses Of Fly Ashmentioning

confidence: 87%

Chemical and biological 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in fly ash from combustion of bleached kraft pulp mill sludge

Kopponen

Törrönen

Välttilä³

et al. 1994

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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Fly ash was collected from five large‐scale or pilot tests in which burning of bleached kraft pulp mill sludge was studied. The content of dioxin‐like compounds in this fly ash was estimated both chemically and biologically. Fly ash was analyzed chemically for 17 PCDD and PCDF congeners by high‐resolution GC‐MS, and the data were transformed to Nordic TCDD equivalents. The biological analyses were based on the induction of several enzymes (aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase [AHH], 7‐ethoxyresorufin O‐deethylase [EROD], aldehyde dehydrogenase‐3 [ALDG3]) by the fly ash extracts in a mouse hepatoma cell line, Hepa‐1. The inducing potencies were expressed as biological TCDD equivalents. There was a good correlation between the Nordic and the biological TCDD equivalents. Differences in the amounts of dioxin‐like compounds among the combustions were attributed mainly to the boiler types and not to fuel characteristics or combustion parameters.

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“…This is compounded by the fact that operating temperatures are typically within that required for dioxin formation (250-400°C). Thus in one study [89] 200 ng TEQ/m3 of dioxin at the input to the ESP became 17000ng TEQ/m3 in the stack gas. Therefore temperature control of these components is important.…”

Section: Reducing Exhaust Gas Particle Loadmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The influence of ESP operational temperature is shown by a tenfold reduction in stack dioxin when moving from 300°C to 200°C [76]. Another study [89] suggested that net dioxin removal can only be achieved by a combination of quenching and calcium sorbent injection. Cooling can be achieved by quenching the exhaust gases but is often effected by the insertion of an additional gas cleaning device in series prior to the ESP or FF.…”

Section: Reducing the Residence Time Of The Flue Gas Between 250 And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dioxin sources and industrial emissions control — a review

Ritchie

2000

International Journal of Environmental Studies

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Dioxin, the collective term for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, are generated during various chemical and high temperature processes. They have been shown to be toxic to humans and animals with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exhibiting the greatest toxicity. Dioxin has been shown to exhibit immunotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity in several animals. Epidemiological studies on groups of humans with prolonged or elevated exposure to dioxin have indicated increased cancer rates above threshold levels of exposure. Conversely, other studies have concluded that dioxin is a net anticarcinogen. There has been much study aimed at quantifying the relative contributions of the identified dioxin sources to the environmental load. Although some data suggests that burning of vegetation produces measurable amounts of dioxin it is rather industrial process waste streams which emit the greatest amounts. Processes implicated include organic chemical synthesis, metal processing, paper pulp bleaching and incineration of organic materials. Dioxin emission reduction strategies for high temperature processes have focussed upon the minimisation of the conditions at which dioxin forms in exhaust streams. Additionally, screening of process materials has been practised as have substitution of process chemicals in the pulp and paper bleaching industry.

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Post furnace formation of PCDDs and PCDFs in MSWI: Observations in an incinerator installed with quench reactor

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

FORMATION OF POILYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS BY CuCI₂-CATALYZED CONDENSATION OF 2,6 CHLORINATED PHENOLS

FORMATION OF POILYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS BY CuCI₂-CATALYZED CONDENSATION OF 2,6 CHLORINATED PHENOLS

Chemical and biological 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in fly ash from combustion of bleached kraft pulp mill sludge

Dioxin sources and industrial emissions control — a review

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Post furnace formation of PCDDs and PCDFs in MSWI: Observations in an incinerator installed with quench reactor

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

FORMATION OF POILYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS BY CuCI2-CATALYZED CONDENSATION OF 2,6 CHLORINATED PHENOLS

FORMATION OF POILYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS BY CuCI2-CATALYZED CONDENSATION OF 2,6 CHLORINATED PHENOLS

Chemical and biological 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in fly ash from combustion of bleached kraft pulp mill sludge

Dioxin sources and industrial emissions control — a review

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FORMATION OF POILYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS BY CuCI₂-CATALYZED CONDENSATION OF 2,6 CHLORINATED PHENOLS

FORMATION OF POILYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS BY CuCI₂-CATALYZED CONDENSATION OF 2,6 CHLORINATED PHENOLS