Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis

Kumar, Piyush; Chatterjee, Mitali; Das, Nilay Kanti

doi:10.4103/ijd.ijd_602_20

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Prior to active surveillance, the macular form was considered to consist only 10% of the PKDL burden, and accordingly, in earlier studies where only passive surveillance was undertaken, an overwhelmingly higher proportion of polymorphic cases was reported. 19,58 Accordingly, the cytokine profiles of the two forms have not been compared. This study is one of the first to provide a comparative evaluation of the cytokine milieu of the two forms of PKDL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does immune dysregulation contribute towards development of hypopigmentation in Indian post kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis?

Sengupta

Mitra

Dighal

et al. 2023

Experimental Dermatology

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Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a sequel of apparently cured visceral leishmaniasis (VL) presents with papulonodular (polymorphic) or hypopigmented lesions (macular) and is the proposed disease reservoir. As hypopigmentation appears consistently in PKDL, especially the macular form, this study aimed to delineate immune factors that singly or in combination could contribute towards this hypopigmentation. At lesional sites, the presence of melanocytes and CD8 + T-cells was assessed by immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression of melanogenic markers (tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 and MITF) by droplet digital PCR, while plasma levels of cytokines and chemokines were measured by a multiplex assay. In comparison with skin from healthy individuals, macular PKDL demonstrated a near total absence of Melan-A + cells at dermal sites, while the polymorphic cases demonstrated a 3.2-fold decrease, along with a dramatic reduction in the expression of key enzymes related to the melanogenesis signalling pathway in both forms. The levels of circulating IFNγ, IL-6, IL-2, IL-1β, TNFα and IFNγ-inducible chemokines (CXCL9/10/11) were elevated and was accompanied by an increased lesional infiltration of CD8 + T-cells. The proportion of CD8 + T-cells correlated strongly with plasma levels of IFNγ (r = 0.8), IL-6 (r = 0.9, p < 0.05), IL-2 (r = 0.7), TNFα (r = 0.9, p < 0.05) and IL-1β (r = 0.7), as also with CXCL9 (r = 0.5) and CXCL10 (r = 0.6). Taken together, the absence/reduction in Melan-A suggested hypopigmentation in PKDL was associated with the destruction of melanocytes, following the impairment of the melanogenesis pathway. Furthermore, the presence of CD8 + T-cells and an enhanced IFNγ-associated immune milieu suggested the generation of a pro-inflammatory landscape that facilitated melanocyte dysfunction/destruction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does immune dysregulation contribute towards development of hypopigmentation in Indian post kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis?

Sengupta

Mitra

Dighal

et al. 2023

Experimental Dermatology

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“…The nodules and papules are hypopigmented, photosensitive, and edematous, with a succulent nature, which irritates the skin. They appear warty, papillomatous, and fibroid, with spontaneous ulcerations in the peritoneal area, chin, and parts of the face [ 81 ]. As the infection spreads to sensitive parts such as the tongue, groin, genitalia, and axilla, it can cause permanent deformity in the patient.…”

Section: Leishmaniasis and Chagas Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Use of Peptides in the Fight against Chagas Disease and Leishmaniasis

Berhe,

Kumar Cinthakunta Sridhar,

Zerihun

et al. 2024

Pharmaceutics

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Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are both neglected tropical diseases that affect millions of people around the world. Leishmaniasis is currently the second most widespread vector-borne parasitic disease after malaria. The World Health Organization records approximately 0.7–1 million newly diagnosed leishmaniasis cases each year, resulting in approximately 20,000–30,000 deaths. Also, 25 million people worldwide are at risk of Chagas disease and an estimated 6 million people are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, miltefosine, paromomycin, and pentamidine are currently used to treat leishmaniasis. Also, nifurtimox and benznidazole are two drugs currently used to treat Chagas disease. These drugs are associated with toxicity problems such as nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity, in addition to resistance problems. As a result, the discovery of novel therapeutic agents has emerged as a top priority and a promising alternative. Overall, there is a need for new and effective treatments for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, as the current drugs have significant limitations. Peptide-based drugs are attractive due to their high selectiveness, effectiveness, low toxicity, and ease of production. This paper reviews the potential use of peptides in the treatment of Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Several studies have demonstrated that peptides are effective against Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, suggesting their use in drug therapy for these diseases. Overall, peptides have the potential to be effective therapeutic agents against Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, but more research is needed to fully investigate their potential.

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“…Nodular, sporotrichoid, psoriasiform, verrucous, zosteriform, eczematous or erysipeloid lesions are the other atypical skin manifestations caused by CL. It has been proven that early diagnosis and treatment of the disease not only prevents the formation of malformed scars but also avoids the emergence of chronic forms of the disease (Garza-Tovar et al 2020 ; Kumar et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-leishmanial effects of Eryngium planum and Ecbilliun elaterum methanolic extract against Leishmania major

Ghaderian,

Esboei,

Mousavi

et al. 2024

AMB Expr

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Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease, one of the most important neglected tropical diseases. Existing anti-leishmanial treatments are not effective for a long time and associated with toxic side effects so searching for a new, effective and safe alternative treatments against infectious diseases is greatly needed. This study is aimed to assess the leishmaniacidal effects of methanolic extracts of Eryngium planum (E. planum) and Ecbilliun elaterum (E. elaterum) on Leishmania major (L. major), In vitro. The selected plants were collected from northern areas of Iran. The methanolic extract from the aerial parts of plants were prepared using maceration methods. GC- Mass analysis was used to determine the compounds of the plants. Promastigotes of L. major was cultured in RPMI-1640 medium and the anti-leishmanial and cytotoxicity effects of extracts at concentrations of 100, 200, 400 and 800 µg/ml were assessed using MTT assay. The data obtained from gas chromatography revealed that α-Pinene, Caryophyllene oxide, β‐Caryophyllene, Bicyclogermacrene and α‐Bisabolol are the main compounds extracted from E. planum and α‐Pinene, Germacrene D, Caryophyllene oxide, γ‐Eudesmol and α‐Bisabolol are the main components of E. elaterum. The results of MTT Assay revealed that E. planum at concentrations of 800 µg/ml after 24 h at 400 µg/ml after 48 h and the E. elaterium at concentrations of 800 µg/ml after 48 h at 400 µg/ml after 72 h had similar anti-leishmanial effects to the positive control. These results indicated that E. planum and E. elaterum are the potential sources for the discovery of novel anti-leishmanial treatments.

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Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis

Cited by 18 publications

References 24 publications

Does immune dysregulation contribute towards development of hypopigmentation in Indian post kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis?

Does immune dysregulation contribute towards development of hypopigmentation in Indian post kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis?

The Potential Use of Peptides in the Fight against Chagas Disease and Leishmaniasis

Anti-leishmanial effects of Eryngium planum and Ecbilliun elaterum methanolic extract against Leishmania major

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