Post-Mortem Drug Analyses in Bone and Bone Marrow

McIntyre, Iain M.; King, Claire; Boratto, M; Drummer, Olaf H.

doi:10.1097/00007691-200002000-00017

Cited by 84 publications

(72 citation statements)

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“…According to the authors, this low detection rate in BM was directly related to the restricted performance of the analytical method, especially in terms of detection limit and non-optimized procedures for certain drug families. McIntyre et al [2], in two studies comparing drugs detected in blood and in the corresponding BM, found respectively 45% and 70% concordance; the discrepancy between the two studies may have been due to differences in sampling location (femur vs. rib BM) or time of storage (more than 3 years in the first study). After standardized drug administration to rats, Watterson and colleagues reported the sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) on BM samples for fentanyl, ketamine and diazepam; this sensitivity varied from 66% to 100% depending on the analyte, dose administered, and interval between administration and death [25-27, 29, 30].…”

Section: Qualitative Approachmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…As described above, normal human BM is roughly red or yellow, with a firm gelatinous consistency [2,3,21]. With increasing postmortem interval and depending on conservation conditions, BM samples can become dark and lose integrity [3,21], resulting in a brown oily liquid.…”

Section: Age-related Involutionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This shield of solid bony tissue provides great mechanical stability. Therefore, as long as bone integrity is preserved, BM can be assumed to be better protected than any other organ sample against maggot infestation and postmortem contamination and damage (trauma, animal predators or fungus, bacteria and parasites) [2,3,49]. Once the bone is broken, however, the BM is no longer protected and may even be non-recoverable [26,50].…”

Section: Age-related Involutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Achieving this objective when only BM is available raises two kinds of question: (1) Can xenobiotics be detected in BM from a pharmacokinetic and analytical point of view? (2) Are drugs levels in BM samples representative of blood concentrations at time of death, i.e., are BM results quantitatively interpretable? The purpose of the present review was to determine whether the international literature provides any answers to these questions, and more generally to present a survey of the published data on BM analysis in forensic toxicology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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State-of-the-art of bone marrow analysis in forensic toxicology: a review

et al. 2010

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Although blood is the reference medium in the field of forensic toxicology, alternative matrices are required in case of limited, unavailable or unusable blood samples. The present review investigated the suitability of bone marrow (BM) as an alternative matrix to characterize xenobiotic consumption and its influence on the occurrence of death. Basic data on BM physiology are reported in order to highlight the specificities of this matrix and their analytical and toxicokinetic consequences. A review of case reports, animal and human studies involving BM sample analysis focuses on the various parameters of interpretation of toxicological results: analytic limits, sampling location, pharmacokinetics, blood/BM concentration correlation, stability and postmortem redistribution. Tables summarizing the analytical conditions and quantification of 45 compounds from BM samples provide a useful tool for toxicologists. A specific section devoted to ethanol shows that, despite successful quantification, interpretation is highly dependent on postmortem interval. In conclusion, BM is an interesting alternative matrix, and further experimental data and validated assays are required to confirm its great potential relevance in forensic toxicology.

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Section: Qualitative Approachmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Age-related Involutionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Age-related Involutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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State-of-the-art of bone marrow analysis in forensic toxicology: a review

et al. 2010

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“…Yet numerous illicit drugs have been detected as part of toxicological and forensic analysis [203][204][205][206]. Due to its lipid content and rich vascular supply, compounds present in the bloodstream should readily diffuse into bone marrow [207], especially lipophilic compounds such as NSAIDs [208].…”

Section: Analysis Of Bone Bone Marrow and Synovial Fluidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Merging Wildlife and Environmental Monitoring Approaches with Forensic Principles: Application of Unconventional and Non-Invasive Sampling in Eco- Pharmacovigilance

Richards¹

2014

J Forensic Res

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Pharmaceutical residues in the environment have the potential to harm wildlife. A population's fragility or an animal's secretive nature may preclude capture and the use of invasive/destructive sampling techniques that are typically used in a risk assessment. Conventionally favoured matrices gathered opportunistically from carcasses have a finite lifespan, thereby limiting the detection window. This multidisciplinary paper aims to promote the use of non-invasive approaches and optimize use of even the most degraded carcasses. We highlight a selection of promising alternative, unconventional and underutilized sample types that could be applied in environmental monitoring efforts and wildlife forensic investigations. With a focus on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), now under increasing scrutiny in the freshwater and terrestrial environment, we first illustrate current sampling practices and gaps in knowledge by summarizing exposure of: 1) aquatic organisms to urban effluent discharged into waterways, and, 2) scavenging species to veterinary residues in livestock and other carrion. We then consider the merits and limitations of a range of alternative environmentally robust sample options that offer a broader detection interval for NSAIDs, with emphasis on hair, wool and feathers. The viability of eyes/ocular material, bone matter, fecal matter, injection sites, ingesta/pellets and scavenging/coprophagous insects are also discussed.

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Toxicology: Analysis

Jones

2009

Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science

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This article outlines the specimens available for toxicological examination in postmortem cases and their potential value for detecting and measuring drugs and other toxicants. Postmortem blood concentrations of many drugs can vary in concentration depending on the location in the body from which the blood is drawn and the volume collected. This is because many drugs concentrate in the major organs and tissues when alive, but diffuse out of those tissues after death, causing local increases in blood drug concentrations. To recognize when these postmortem artifacts occur and assist the interpretation of toxicology findings, collection and analysis of multiple blood and tissue samples is sometimes necessary. The advantages and disadvantages of the various blood and tissue types are listed and discussed.

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Post-Mortem Drug Analyses in Bone and Bone Marrow

Cited by 84 publications

References 1 publication

State-of-the-art of bone marrow analysis in forensic toxicology: a review

State-of-the-art of bone marrow analysis in forensic toxicology: a review

Merging Wildlife and Environmental Monitoring Approaches with Forensic Principles: Application of Unconventional and Non-Invasive Sampling in Eco- Pharmacovigilance

Toxicology: Analysis

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