Post-natal parental care in a Cretaceous diapsid from northeastern China

Lü, Junchang; Kobayashi, Yoshiyuki; Deeming, D. C.; Liu, Yongqing

doi:10.1007/s12303-014-0047-1

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…These fossil blocks of Thrinaxodon liorhinus (Brink, 1955) and Galesaurus planiceps (Brink, 1965) contain juvenile(s) that are closely associated with an adult individual. Direct evidence of parental care in other extinct tetrapods is relatively uncommon, and has been documented only in the Middle Permian basal synapsid Heleosaurus (Botha-Brink & Modesto, 2007), the Early Cretaceous diapsid Philydrosaurus (Lü et al, 2015), and two Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs (Meng et al, 2004; Varricchio, Martin & Katsura, 2007). The two basal cynodont fossils were only briefly described by Brink (1955), Brink (1956) and Brink (1965) more than 50 years ago, and thus require re-examination in light of new findings and recently discovered specimens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggregations and parental care in the Early Triassic basal cynodontsGalesaurus planicepsandThrinaxodon liorhinus

Jasinoski

Abdala

2017

PeerJ

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Non-mammaliaform cynodonts gave rise to mammals but the reproductive biology of this extinct group is still poorly known. Two exceptional fossils of Galesaurus planiceps and Thrinaxodon liorhinus, consisting of juveniles closely associated with an adult, were briefly described more than 50 years ago as examples of parental care in non-mammaliaform cynodonts. However, these two Early Triassic fossils have largely been excluded from recent discussions of parental care in the fossil record. Here we re-analyse these fossils in the context of an extensive survey of other aggregations found in these two basal cynodont taxa. Our analysis revealed six other unequivocal cases of aggregations in Thrinaxodon, with examples of same-age aggregations among immature or adult individuals as well as mixed-age aggregations between subadult and adult individuals. In contrast, only one additional aggregation of Galesauruswas identified. Taking this comprehensive survey into account, the two previously described cases of parental care in Galesaurus and Thrinaxodon are substantiated. The juveniles are the smallest specimens known for each taxon, and the size difference between the adult and the two associated juveniles is the largest found for any of the aggregations. The juveniles of Thrinaxodon are approximately only 37% of the associated adult size; whereas in Galesaurus, the young are at least 60% of the associated adult size. In each case, the two juvenile individuals are similar in size, suggesting they were from the same clutch. Even though parental care was present in both Galesaurus and Thrinaxodon, intraspecific aggregations were much more common in Thrinaxodon, suggesting it regularly lived in aggregations consisting of both similar and different aged individuals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggregations and parental care in the Early Triassic basal cynodontsGalesaurus planicepsandThrinaxodon liorhinus

Jasinoski

Abdala

2017

PeerJ

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“…A similar report of a group of synapsids (ancestral to mammals) shows that such behaviour pre-dates archosaurs by some 40 Myr [79]. Another report of such a family group in a diapsid, the group ancestral to dinosaurs and modern reptiles, suggests parental care to be the ancestral condition in archosaurs, supported by the almost universal occurrence of parental care in modern amniotes [80]. Whether dinosaur parents were able to respond protectively to alarm or pain cries from young cannot be known, but young extant crocodilians do benefit from such protection [45,62,63].…”

Section: (Iii) Other Individual Protective Behavioursmentioning

confidence: 81%

Pain in dinosaurs: what is the evidence?

Hearn

Williams

2019

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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How far back can we trace behaviour associated with pain? Behaviour is not preserved in the palaeontological record, so, for dinosaurs, we are restricted to what we can deduce from fossilized bones and tracks. This review is a thought experiment using circumstantial evidence from dinosaur fossils and from the behaviour of their extant relatives to describe probable responses of dinosaurs to serious injuries. Searches yielded 196 papers and chapters with: reports of healed serious injuries, and limping gait and injured feet in trackways; information about physiology and behaviour relevant to healing; evidence of evolutionary connections with birds and crocodilians, and their behaviour; and information about relevant aspects of evolution. Clearly, many dinosaurs survived injuries that would have seriously hampered mobility, impairing hunting or escape from predators, and affecting social interactions. Recovery from severe injuries implies pain-mediated responses. Rates of healing seem faster than for other reptiles, possibily aided by warm-bloodedness. Nesting was often communal, raising the possibility of parental and group protection for injured young. The existence of family groups, packs or herds raises the possibility of protection or feeding from pack kills. This is the first study, to our knowledge, of possible pain behaviour and responses to injury in dinosaurs. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain’.

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Origin of origami cockroach reveals long-lasting (11 Ma) phenotype instability following viviparity

Vršanský

Šmídová

Valaška³

et al. 2016

Sci Nat

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Viviparity evolved in bacteria, plants, ˃141 vertebrate lineages (ichthyosaurs, lizards, fishes, mammals, and others), and in 11 of 44 insect orders. Live-birth cockroaches preserved with brood sac (3D recovered two times optically) included Diploptera vladimir, Diploptera savba, Diploptera gemini spp.n., D. sp.1-2, and Stegoblatta irmgardgroehni from Green River, Colorado; Quilchena, Republic; McAbee, Canada; and Baltic amber, Russia (49, 54, and 45 Ma). They evolved from rare and newly evolved Blaberidae; they radiated circumtropically, later expanded into SE Asia, and have now spread to Hawaii and the SE USA. Association of autapomorphic characters that allow for passive and active protections from parasitic insects (unique wing origami pleating identical with its egg case-attacking wasp) suggest a response to high parasitic loads. Synchronized with global reorganization of the biota, morphotype destabilization in roaches lasted approximately 11-22 Ma, including both the adaptation of novel characters and the reduction of others. Thus, while viviparity can be disadvantageous, in association with new Bauplans and/or behaviors, it can contribute to the evolution of taxa with viviparous representatives that are slightly selectively preferred.

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Post-natal parental care in a Cretaceous diapsid from northeastern China

Cited by 9 publications

References 31 publications

Aggregations and parental care in the Early Triassic basal cynodontsGalesaurus planicepsandThrinaxodon liorhinus

Aggregations and parental care in the Early Triassic basal cynodontsGalesaurus planicepsandThrinaxodon liorhinus

Pain in dinosaurs: what is the evidence?

Origin of origami cockroach reveals long-lasting (11 Ma) phenotype instability following viviparity

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