2017
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa6d65
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Post-Newtonian Dynamical Modeling of Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic-scale Simulations

Abstract: We present KETJU, a new extension of the widely-used smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulation code GADGET-3. The key feature of the code is the inclusion of algorithmically regularized regions around every supermassive black hole (SMBH). This allows for simultaneously following global galactic-scale dynamical and astrophysical processes, while solving the dynamics of SMBHs, SMBH binaries and surrounding stellar systems at sub-parsec scales. The KETJU code includes PostNewtonian terms in the equations of moti… Show more

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Cited by 76 publications
(79 citation statements)
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References 148 publications
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“…For eagle, the coalescence of two BHs is not a resolved process, and we therefore implement broad conditions for this process to occur: the two BHs must be within each others smoothing kernel and their relative velocity to one another must be less than the circular velocity at that distance. It is likely that these conditions merge the BHs earlier than they should (e.g., Rantala et al 2017), which would potentially result in a rightward shifting of the excess peaks in Figure 8 (i.e., the peak of AGN activity would lag further behind the coalescence of the two galaxies). However, we do not anticipate any of the overall behaviour or trends of this study would be affected by this, with the majority of the triggered AGN activity still occurring post-coalescence (of the galaxy nuclei).…”
Section: The Effect Of the Modelmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For eagle, the coalescence of two BHs is not a resolved process, and we therefore implement broad conditions for this process to occur: the two BHs must be within each others smoothing kernel and their relative velocity to one another must be less than the circular velocity at that distance. It is likely that these conditions merge the BHs earlier than they should (e.g., Rantala et al 2017), which would potentially result in a rightward shifting of the excess peaks in Figure 8 (i.e., the peak of AGN activity would lag further behind the coalescence of the two galaxies). However, we do not anticipate any of the overall behaviour or trends of this study would be affected by this, with the majority of the triggered AGN activity still occurring post-coalescence (of the galaxy nuclei).…”
Section: The Effect Of the Modelmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The time-step H is then adjusted accordingly, to bring the k where convergence is expected to the optimal value (Press et al 2007). Finally, it should be noted that the extrapolation algorithm used in AR-CHAIN described above is serial in nature, even though the particle accelerations in the individual leapfrog sequences can be computed in parallel as in (Rantala et al 2017). Thus, computing a large number of subsequent subdivision counts or reaching the maximum subdivision count k max without convergence and restarting with a smaller time-step H/2 can be very time-consuming.…”
Section: Gbs Extrapolation Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…With non-zero external tidal perturbations f i the derivative of the binding energy B depends on the particle velocities, but the dependence is only linear and can thus be analytically integrated over the time-step (see e.g. the Appendix A and B of Rantala et al 2017). An explicit leapfrog algorithm cannot be constructed if the post-Newtonian accelerations g i (v) are non-zero.…”
Section: Time Transformation Of Equations Of Motionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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