Post traumatic stress disorder

Yule, William; Smith, Patrick

doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch59

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…Additionally, the earthquakes had a profound impact on children's mental health [19]. Studies have shown that exposure to such traumatic events can lead to increased rates of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among children [20]. The disruption of normal routines, loss of family members, and the destruction of homes and schools exacerbate these psychological impacts [21].…”

Section: The 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Impact of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes on Non-Victims

Çınaroğlu,

Yılmazer,

Alpugan

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, with magnitudes of 7.7 and 7.6, caused extensive destruction and psychological distress across southeastern Turkey. This study explores the psychological impact on non-victims, particularly Istanbul residents, focusing on mental health outcomes and coping mechanisms. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to May 2024 with 721 participants from various Turkish cities, including a significant portion from Istanbul. Validated psychological scales such as the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS), and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) measured depression, anxiety, well-being, and PTSD symptoms. Sociodemographic factors like age, gender, occupation, income, education level, and previous earthquake experience were also analyzed.Results showed significant psychological distress among non-victims: 51.9% reported high levels of distress, with 24% meeting PTSD criteria, 30% exhibiting moderate to severe depression, and 28% experiencing significant anxiety. Higher income and education levels correlated with better mental health outcomes. Higher education levels were linked to lower PTSD risk (β = -0.20, p < 0.01) and fewer depression symptoms (β = -0.15, p < 0.05). Higher income was associated with lower depression scores (β = -0.20, p < 0.01) and fewer PTSD symptoms (β = -0.15, p < 0.05). Age positively correlated with well-being (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) and negatively with PTSD symptoms (r = -0.15, p < 0.05).Comparisons with victim studies of major earthquakes, such as the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, the 1999 Marmara earthquake, the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, and the 2000 Iceland earthquakes, revealed similar profound psychological impacts. This highlights the need for comprehensive mental health interventions for both direct and indirect exposures. This study underscores the necessity for inclusive mental health strategies to enhance resilience and well-being, ensuring robust recovery after catastrophic events.

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Section: The 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Impact of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes on Non-Victims

Çınaroğlu,

Yılmazer,

Alpugan

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…The individual can also show signs of a superiority complex (which disguises frail self-esteem and feelings of failure) Yes DSM Narcissistic personality disorder, NPD, narcissism PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) A disorder that is triggered by a traumatic experience. Symptoms include intrusive recollections of a traumatic event, emotional numbing and avoidance of reminders of that event, and physiological hyperarousal (Yule & Smith, 2015 ) No SCL-90R (Symptom Checklist), DSM PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD symptoms Risk-taking peers The individual has contact with or is friends with peers who perform risk-taking behaviour (see term Risky behaviour) No, due to statistics Risk-taking peers Risky behaviour Intentional behaviour of an individual being aware of the risk of his/her behaviour. The individual creates and/or seeks dangerous situations.…”

Section: Appendix Amentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of individual characteristics on susceptibility to aggressive and/or intimidating approaches: quantifying probability pathways by creating a victimization model

de Wit,

Begeman,

Noordkamp

et al. 2023

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: A significant body of literature has identified multiple factors that contribute to established victimization by aggressive and/or intimidating behaviours. These studies primarily originate from the fields of intimate partner violence (IPV), bullying, sexual abuse, and/or commercial sexual exploitation (CSE), and generally focus on female victims. It appears, however, complicated to quantify the cumulative contribution of these factors on susceptibility to intimidating and/or hostile engagements on an individual level. Objective: To develop a comprehensive risk model to quantify, on an individual level, the cumulative effects of previously reported characteristics on susceptibility to aggressive/intimidating approaches, leading to victimization (e.g. in the context of IPV/sexual abuse). Methods: A Bayesian belief network was developed using data from previous studies, capturing the multivariate contribution of previously reported characteristics on the likelihood of becoming victimized by aggressive and/or intimidating approaches (e.g. in the IPV/CSE context) in female victims aged 12–24 years. Results: The model showed that specific combinations of characteristics may contribute to an increased likelihood of victimization (e.g. in the context of IPV/bullying/sexual abuse or CSE). This likelihood could be quantified and categorized into specific clusters of factors differentiating between victimization by physically violent, non-physical, and/or sexual aggressive/intimidating approaches. Conclusion: The present model appears to be the first to successfully quantify the cumulative contribution of individual characteristics on the likelihood of becoming victimized by aggressive and/or intimidating approaches, typically leading to victimization. Moreover, the present scientific effort and resulting model suggest that there may be a latent variable mediating between the implemented factors and overall outcome, i.e. the susceptibility to aggressive and/or intimidating approaches. From that perspective, the model may also be considered as an initial outline to effectively indicate susceptibility to such approaches.

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“…However, follow-up analyses indicated that this effect is primarily due to changes in externalizing behaviors amongst elementary school-aged children, but not older adolescents. These findings are likely attributable to differences in the presentation of trauma-related symptoms across development (e.g., Yule & Smith, 2015). In fact, at pre-intervention elementary school-age children had a substantially higher mean score on the ECBI than did junior high and high school-age adolescents (M = 107.50, SD = 49.52 and M = 83.84, SD = Contrary to our original hypothesis, greater exposure to PTE types was associated with greater treatment response, such that youth who were exposed to less than four types of PTEs consistently benefited less from TF-CBT than did youth with exposure to 4 or more types of PTEs.…”

Section: Treatment Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing Mental Health and Trauma-Related Needs of Sheltered Children and Families with Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)

Spiegel

Graziano²,

Arcia³

et al. 2022

Adm Policy Ment Health

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Children and adolescents (“youth”) experiencing homelessness are at a disproportionately high risk of exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTE). However, limited evidence exists as to what interventions are effective when implemented with this high-risk population. The purpose of this study was to (1) document the mental health and trauma-related needs of sheltered youth and their mothers, and (2) examine the feasibility/effectiveness of Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) administered within the context of a homeless shelter. Three hundred and twenty-one youth (Mage = 10.06 years, SD = 3.24 years, 56.4% male, 70.1% Black/African American, 34.6% Hispanic/Latinx) and their mothers were recruited from a homeless shelter and provided 10 weeks of TF-CBT, with the option for up to eight additional weeks of therapy based on clinical need. Families completed pre- and post-intervention assessments. Results demonstrated clinically elevated pre-intervention PTSD symptoms and rates of exposure to PTE in sheltered youth well above those previously reported in the general population. TF-CBT resulted in substantial reductions in both maternal and self-reported severity of youth PTSD symptomology, which were largely attributable to reductions in re-experiencing and arousal. Effectiveness of TF-CBT varied by age and the number of exposures to PTE. Overall, these findings illustrate the importance of assessing and addressing the mental health and trauma-related needs of sheltered youth and the feasibility and efficacy of embedding an evidence-based trauma-focused treatment protocol within a shelter environment. Additional implications of these findings are discussed.

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Post traumatic stress disorder

Cited by 11 publications

References 157 publications

Psychological Impact of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes on Non-Victims

Psychological Impact of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes on Non-Victims

The effect of individual characteristics on susceptibility to aggressive and/or intimidating approaches: quantifying probability pathways by creating a victimization model

Addressing Mental Health and Trauma-Related Needs of Sheltered Children and Families with Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)

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