Post-traumatic stress, growth, and depreciation during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from Turkey

İkizer, Gözde; Karancı, A. Nuray; Gul, Ervin; Dilekler, İlknur

doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1872966

Cited by 45 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The current pandemic has been associated with an increased prevalence of mental health problems in the general population including PTSD (e.g., Castelli et al, 2020;Chen et al, 2020;Daly and Robinson, 2021;Di Crosta et al, 2020;Ikizer et al, 2021;Karatzias et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2020;Luo et al, 2020;Tang et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2020). However, it is unclear what happens to those that already are stressed and/or have PTSD symptoms, such as the ones who have experienced war trauma in Bosnia and Herzegovina (for a discussion on war trauma and the pandemic see Okorn et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connection between the COVID-19 pandemic, war trauma reminders, perceived stress, loneliness, and PTSD in Bosnia and Herzegovina

et al. 2021

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In order to gain a better understanding of what happens during the COVID-19 pandemic to those who were previously traumatized, this study investigated perceived stress and severity of PTSD symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in people who experienced the 1992-1995 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was also examined how reminders of past trauma and loneliness instigated by the COVID-19 crisis relate to current stress and PTSD symptoms. The sample consisted of 123 participants (74.8% women). Participants responded to assessments of sociodemographic characteristics, exposure to COVIDrelated information, concerns over disease, severity of exposure to war, frequency and intensity of war trauma reminders, loneliness, stress, and severity of PTSD symptoms. Data was collected as part of [edited out for blind review] Global Survey. Results showed that in a population previously exposed to the effects of war, severity of PTSD symptoms was positively related to perceived stress, and loneliness during the pandemic significantly mediated this relationship. Intensity of exposure to war trauma reminders was associated with higher levels of PTSD symptom severity. Higher severity of PTSD symptoms was related to forced displacement during the war. Moreover, higher stress was related to increased concerns over disease. To conclude, those exposed to war may be more affected by the global COVID-19 pandemic and preventive measures that accompany it, while loneliness mediates the effects of PTSD and perceived stress in this population.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connection between the COVID-19 pandemic, war trauma reminders, perceived stress, loneliness, and PTSD in Bosnia and Herzegovina

et al. 2021

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“…Remarkably, both of the handcraft techniques would not only restore the practical function of the pottery but also lift the aesthetic beauty of it ( Walton, 2020 ); congruously, PTG is deemed as the nutrient to post-traumatic life and a tonic for being optimistic for the future ( Jansen et al, 2011 ). In the case of COVID-19, researchers have predicted that it will bring PTG to people in tandem with PTS ( Greenberg & Hibbert, 2020 ), which is supported by studies in Spain ( Vazquez et al, 2021 ) and Turkey ( Ikizer, Karanci, Gul, & Dilekler, 2021 ).…”

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confidence: 90%

Impact of COVID-19 on psychological wellbeing

Zhao

Sun

Xie

et al. 2021

International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology

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Background/Objective This cross-sectional study aims to record post-traumatic stress (PTS) and post-traumatic growth (PTG) of the general population of China during the first wave of COVID-19 spread. Method : An online survey was distributed in China during February and March 2020 to record the general population's PTS (using the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version, PCL-C) and PTG (using the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, PTGI) due to COVID-19. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFAs) and a Two-Part Model (TPM) of regression analysis were conducted. Results : In total, 29,118 Chinese participants completed the survey (54.20% were in their 20s, 68% were males, and 60.30% had a university education). CFA results illustrated that bifactor models described the Chinese psychometric traits of PTS and PTG over the default models. Results of TPM suggested that female, low-educated, and middle-aged individuals were more vulnerable to PTS. Remarkably, mutual and positive correlations between the PTS and the PTG, though small in statistics, were observed through regression analyses. Conclusions : The current results presented new best-fit structural models, potential predictors, and valuable baseline information on the PTS and the PTG of the Chinese population in the context of COVID-19.

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“…Implementations such as quarantine and social distancing may cause people to feel alone, left out, and abandoned (Hoffart, Johnson, & Ebrahimi, 2020 ), and to develop post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) (e.g. Ikizer, Karanci, Gul, & Dilekler, 2021 ; Rossi et al, 2021 ). The conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic have led to a deep sense of uncertainty regarding people’s safety, view of the world, and financial situation, which may be difficult to bear for some individuals (Satici, Saricali, Satici, & Griffiths, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rumination is also considered a dysfunctional avoidant strategy because repetitively thinking about and focusing on the superficial aspects of a traumatic event obstruct the necessary emotional processes to cope with the trauma (Bishop, Ameral, & Palm Reed, 2018 ; Michael et al, 2007 ). Ikizer et al ( 2021 ) found that PTSS and post-traumatic depreciation are predicted by intrusive rumination in the context of COVID-19.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intolerance of uncertainty, rumination, post-traumatic stress symptoms and aggression during COVID-19: a serial mediation model

Çelik

Alpay

Çelebi

et al. 2021

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic can be identified as a source of traumatic stress. Previous studies have shown that post-traumatic stress and intolerance of uncertainty are associated with aggressive behaviour. Objective In the present study, we aimed to test a serial mediation model, considering rumination and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) as mediators that link intolerance of uncertainty and aggression, while controlling the confounding effect of crisis-induced health and socioeconomic stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method A total of 714 participants [533 (74.6%) females, 176 (24.7%) males, aged 18–64 years ( M age = 25.16, SD age = 9.34)] completed the following self-reported scales: Aggression Scale, COVID-19 stressors checklist, Short Version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, Impact of Event Scale with Modifications for COVID-19, and Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire. Results The results revealed that there was an association between intolerance of uncertainty and aggressive behaviours. Moreover, the results of serial mediation analysis showed that intolerance of uncertainty predicts aggressive behaviours via rumination and PTSS. Besides, socioeconomic stressors are significantly associated with the level of PTSS and aggression, while health stressors are not significantly association with the level of PTSS and aggression. Conclusions The findings provide several contributions to understand the link between intolerance of uncertainty and aggressive behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic, and confirm the importance of early psychological intervention, especially for those who are more likely to ruminate and suffer from PTSS, to prevent aggression and violence in the long run. In addition to health-related regulations, it is important to take the social and economic aspects of the crisis into account and develop intervention strategies accordingly. Nevertheless, the limitations of cross-sectional mediation analysis in explaining causal relationships should be kept in mind, and future studies should extend these findings using longitudinal data.

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Post-traumatic stress, growth, and depreciation during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from Turkey

Cited by 45 publications

References 55 publications

Connection between the COVID-19 pandemic, war trauma reminders, perceived stress, loneliness, and PTSD in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Connection between the COVID-19 pandemic, war trauma reminders, perceived stress, loneliness, and PTSD in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Impact of COVID-19 on psychological wellbeing

Intolerance of uncertainty, rumination, post-traumatic stress symptoms and aggression during COVID-19: a serial mediation model

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