Post-traumatic stress in war veterans and secondary traumatic stress among parents of war veterans five years after the 2014 Israel-Gaza military conflict

Sex and gender in psychotrauma research

“…In the analyses % females. 37 cross-sectional studies ( N = 18,766; 27.29% female) No Frank et al ( 2018 ) Cross-sectional Gender (male, female) 5,980 regular force or reserve force personnel who had been deployed at least once (11.1% female) Yes Kindermann et al ( 2020 ) Cross-sectional Gender (male, female) 71 emergency call-takers and dispatchers who work in an emergency control centre (14.1 female, Germany) No Leshem et al ( 2023 ) Cross-sectional Gender of the parent (father, mother) 56 veterans, mothers and fathers; ‘directly active veterans’ and ‘indirectly active veterans’ Yes Rentmeesters & Hermans ( 2023 ) Cross-sectional (web-based survey) Gender (male, female) 1,465 police officers (28.9% female, Belgium) No Shin et al ( 2023 ) Cross-sectional Gender (male, female) 483 firefighters (8.1% female; South Korea) No Stevelink et al ( 2019 ) Cross-sectional Gender (male, female) 1,448 serving and ex-serving personnel of the armed forces who self-reported a stress, emotional or mental health problem in the past 3 years (15.1% female, United Kingdom) Yes (Neuro)biological factors Authors (year) Study design Sex/Gender Sample ( N : % female) Ancelin et al ( ...…”

“…Leshem et al ( 2023 ) investigated PTSD symptoms in war veterans and secondary traumatic stress (STS) among their parents five years after the 2014 Israel-Gaza military conflict. Five years after the war, active war veterans had about twice as higher scores of PTSD symptoms than those who did not actively participate in the war.…”

Secondary-traumatic stress and academic self-concept in children of veterans: A cross-sectional study

“…Secondary traumatic stress emerges as a significant post-war complication, with discernible symptoms and complications akin to PTSD evident in the offspring of affected individuals [11]. The progeny of veterans are susceptible to exposure to trauma-induced injuries, resulting in deleterious consequences across personal, social, and academic dimensions [12].…”

Harbingers of hope: Scientists and the pursuit of world peace

“…The effects of violence, from Israel and Gaza to Afghanistan, Cambodia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Iraq, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Myanmar, Nepal, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, Syria, South Sudan, Sudan, and Ukraine, have all been well studied ( Familiar et al, 2021 ; Kienzler & Sapkota, 2020 ; Razjouyan et al, 2022 ; Sá et al, 2022 ). History has supplied unambiguous evidence of the lasting harm of warfare ( Hyseni Duraku et al, 2023 ; Leshem et al, 2023 ; Saw et al, 2023 ; Thomas et al, 2023 ). International wars, civil wars, proxy battles, conflicts, invasions, and insurgencies all end badly.…”