Postbiotics as the key mediators of the gut microbiota-host interactions

Abstract

The priority of the Sustainable Development Goals for 2022 is to reduce all causes related to mortality. In this regard, microbial bioactive compounds with characteristics such as optimal compatibility and close interaction with the host immune system are considered a novel therapeutic approach. The fermentation process is one of the most well-known pathways involved in the natural synthesis of a diverse range of postbiotics. However, some postbiotics are a type of probiotic response behavior to environmental stimuli that usually play well-known biological roles. Also, postbiotics with unique structure and function are key mediators between intestinal microbiota and host cellular processes/metabolic pathways that play a significant role in maintaining homeostasis. By further understanding the nature of parent microbial cells, factors affecting their metabolic pathways, and SUMMARY the development of compatible extraction and identification methods, it is possible to achieve certain formulations of postbiotics with special efficiencies, which in turn will significantly improve the performance of health systems (especially in developing countries) toward a wide range of acute/chronic diseases. The present review aims to describe the fundamental role of postbiotics as the key mediators of the microbiota-host interactions. Besides, it presents the available current evidence regarding the interaction between postbiotics and host cells through potential cell receptors, stimulation/improvement of immune system function, and the enhancement of the composition and function of the human microbiome.

Current insights into the interplay between gut microbiota-derived metabolites and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease

“…Therefore, gut microbiota-derived metabolites can trigger various pathophysiological changes and responses in the host. It is currently known that the human gut microbiota can ferment dietary fibers to produce SCFAs, and SCFAs can be used as the primary energy source of human colonocytes [ 24 ]. In addition, other endogenous substances, such as BAs and vitamins, are metabolized by gut bacteria.…”

“…Colonocytes in the proximal colon mainly absorb butyrate as an essential energy source. It is mainly metabolized in the epithelial mucosa to preserve the colon’s health by protecting it from some colonic pathologies [ 24 ]. GPR41/GPR43 expressed in adipocytes, immune cells, and enteroendocrine L cells can be activated by SCFA through the host G protein-coupled receptor pathway.…”

Selection of Fermentation Supernatant from Probiotic Strains Exhibiting Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Protective Ability and Evaluation of Their Effects on Colitis Mouse and Weaned Piglet Models

“…Postbiotics, on the other hand, are soluble metabolites secreted by live bacteria or released after bacterial lysis, and their definition by the International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) is “preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host” [ 10 , 11 ]. They have been shown to provide health benefits by modifying host cell metabolic pathways [ 12 ]. In comparison to live bacteria, postbiotics have more versatile characteristics, including a clear chemical structure, safe dosage parameters, and a lack of the potential risks associated with live bacteria.…”

Postbiotics of Naturally Fermented Synbiotic Mixture of Rice Water Aids in Promoting Colonocyte Health

“…The role of postbiotics in managing and mitigating several systemic diseases including metabolic, mental health, cancer and gut-liver disorders have been explored [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. Nevertheless, direct influence of the postbiotics is first seen in the gut, where the gut-resident bacteria utilize postbiotics either as their energy source(s) or for further alteration of the microbiome [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. For example, it is shown that administration of heat-killed lactobacilli as postbiotic, render bifidogenic effects in the gut [ 38 ].…”