Postdisaster stress in the United States and Mexico: A cross-cultural test of the multicriterion conceptual model of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Norris, Fran H.; Perilla, Julia L.; Murphy, Arthur D.

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.4.553

Cited by 82 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…It is possible that individuals in these communities may have suffered greater psychological problems due to fewer economic resources and greater job instability (Thiel de Bocanegra and Brickman, 2004). There may also be cultural differences in the desirability of reporting psychiatric symptoms that could affect the ethnicity-PTSD relationship (Norris et al, 2001), which we did not explore. We also did not have predisaster data, with much of our data being based on retrospective measures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Predictors of PTSD and Delayed PTSD After Disaster

Adams¹,

Boscarino²

2006

Journal of Nervous &Amp; Mental Disease

219

103

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In the present study we sought to identify factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following the World Trade Center Disaster (WTCD) and examine changes in PTSD status over time. Our data come from a two-wave, prospective cohort study of New York City adults who were living in the city on September 11, 2001. We conducted a baseline survey 1 year after the attacks (year 1), followed by a survey 1 year later (year 2). Overall, 2368 individuals completed the year 1 survey, and 1681 were interviewed at year 2. Analyses for year 1 indicated that being younger, being female, experiencing more WTCD events, reporting more traumatic events other than the WTCD, experiencing more negative life events, having low social support, and having low self-esteem increased the likelihood of PTSD. For year 2, being middle-aged, being Latino, experiencing more negative life events and traumas since the WTCD, and having low self-esteem increased the likelihood of PTSD. Exposure to WTCD events was not related to year 2 PTSD once other factors were controlled. Following previous research, we divided study respondents into four categories: resilient cases (no PTSD years 1 or 2), remitted cases (PTSD year 1 but not year 2), delayed cases (no PTSD year 1 but PTSD year 2), and acute cases (PTSD both years 1 and 2). Factors predicting changes in PTSD between year 1 and year 2 suggested that delayed PTSD cases were more likely to have been Latino, to have experienced more negative life events, and to have had a decline in selfesteem. In contrast, remitted cases experienced fewer negative life events and had an increase in selfesteem. We discuss these findings in light of the psychosocial context associated with community disasters and traumatic stress exposures. KeywordsPosttraumatic stress disorder; delayed PTSD; disasters; psychosocial factors; stress exposure It has been well documented that exposure to severe psychological trauma such as war, sexual assault, and community disasters can result in psychological and physical health problems (Boscarino, 1997;Bromet et al., 1982;Kessler et al., 1995b;Kulka et al., 1990;Norris, 1992). The inclusion of stress response syndromes in the DSM-III (American Psychiatric Association, 1980) under posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has stimulated research and focused attention on what constitutes a traumatic event (McFarlane, 2004;Yehuda, 2002). It has also resulted in numerous etiological investigations of stress disorders (Adams et al., 2002;Brewin et al., 2000;Bromet et al., 1982;McFarlane, 1988;1989), and has generated discussions of the consequences of PTSD for physical health and social role obligations (Boscarino, 2004;Kessler, 2000).Recent studies examining PTSD in community samples have estimated that almost 90% of adults have experienced at least one lifetime traumatic event, yet only about 15% of those exposed developed PTSD (Breslau et al., 2004b;Breslau et al., 2005). Thus, factors beyond the traumatic event itself are required to explain the onset of these stre...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Predictors of PTSD and Delayed PTSD After Disaster

Adams¹,

Boscarino²

2006

Journal of Nervous &Amp; Mental Disease

219

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…That PTSD is a frequent outcome of natural catastrophes has been documented in prior research (e.g., Bronisch et al, 2006, for tsunamis;Norris et al, 2001;Grainger, Levin, AllynByrd, Doctor, & Lee, 1997, for hurricanes;van der Kolk et al, 1996, for volcanoes;Kisac, 2006;Konuk et al, 2006, for earthquakes). Reyes and Elhai (2004) assert that time is precious in post-disaster settings, and immediate intervention is necessary.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Somatic therapy treatment effects with tsunami survivors.

2008

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This is an uncontrolled field study of the outcome effects of a somatically based therapy with tsunami victims in southern India. One hundred and fifty (150) participants, prescreened for trauma symptoms, received 75 minutes of somatic therapy and training in affect modulation and self-regulation. The results indicate a reliable and significant treatment effect at immediate, 4-week, and 8-month follow-up assessments. At the 8-month follow-up, 90% of participants reported significant improvement or being completely free of symptoms of intrusion, arousal, and avoidance. The results support the effectiveness and reliability of this modified version of Somatic Experiencing Therapy in working with trauma reactions and invite future controlled trials of this therapy.

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“…suggested that the higher PTSD rate for Puerto Ricans in their study was possibly due to the greater expressiveness of this group compared to Whites. Norris, Perilla, and Murphy (2001) in their study of Whites in Florida and Mexicans in Mexico subjected to similarly devastating hurricanes argue that Hispanics in general more readily acknowledge symptoms than other race/ethnic groups because culturally it is not seen as a personal failing or shortcoming. These speculations offer possible reasons for Puerto Ricans' elevated chances of experiencing a panic attack in the wake of the WTCD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Mental Health Outcomes among Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics Following a Community Disaster

Adams¹,

Boscarino

2005

Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes

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A number of studies have assessed the association between race and ethnicity and psychological health status following exposure to a stressful event. However, some of these studies indicate racial and ethnic minorities have poorer mental health relative to Whites, while others show no differences or that minorities may actually have better psychological health. One year after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, we collected data on a random sample of city residents (N = 2368). The dependent variables were posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), PTSD symptom severity, major depression, panic attack, and general physical and mental well-being. We categorized our respondents as Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic African American, Dominican, Puerto Rican, and Other Hispanics. Bivariate results indicated racial/ethnic differences for PTSD symptom severity, depression, general physical and mental health, and panic attack. Using logistic regression and controlling for possible confounding factors, most of these associations were rendered nonsignificant. That is, we found no post-disaster racial/ethnic differences for PTSD, PTSD symptom severity, or physical health. African Americans and Other Hispanics were less likely to meet criteria for major depression or to be classified as unhealthy on the self-report SF-12 mental health scale compared to Whites. Only for panic attack were African Americans and Puerto Ricans more likely to meet criteria for this outcome. Thus, our study found little support for the hypothesis that Latinos or African Americans consistently suffered from poorer psychological and physical well-being in the aftermath of traumatic events, relative to Whites.

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Postdisaster stress in the United States and Mexico: A cross-cultural test of the multicriterion conceptual model of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Cited by 82 publications

References 26 publications

Predictors of PTSD and Delayed PTSD After Disaster

Predictors of PTSD and Delayed PTSD After Disaster

Somatic therapy treatment effects with tsunami survivors.

Differences in Mental Health Outcomes among Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics Following a Community Disaster

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