Poster: DSME-LoRa – A Flexible MAC for LoRa

Álamos, José; Kietzmann, Peter; Schmidt, Thomas C.; Wählisch, Matthias

doi:10.1109/icnp52444.2021.9651945

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Each LoRa access network is served by one gateway, which acts as an application-agnostic caching forwarder and DSME coordinator. Maintaining the slotframe structure introduces an overhead to LoRa nodes, increasing the energy con-sumption by a factor of approximately three [10] compared to LoRaWAN class A. This is still feasible for battery operated nodes, though, and the DSME MAC schedule allows leveraging the power conservation features of the PHY, in contrast to LoRaWAN class C. A gateway connects the wireless network to the 'regular' ICN Internet.…”

Section: Integrating Lora With Icnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking LoRa for the IoT: An InformationCentric Approach

Kietzmann,

Alamos,

Kutscher

et al. 2024

IEEE Commun. Mag.

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In this article, we present LoRa-ICN, a new longrange communication system that provides a versatile data-oriented integration of battery-driven LoRa nodes into the Internet of Things (IoT). LoRa-ICN builds on two paradigms: information-centric networking (ICN), which enables more direct, data-oriented communication between Internet systems and the low-power wireless domain, and 802.15.4 DSME, which is an IoT MAC layer that facilitates reliable LoRa transmissions. While the combination of LoRa and DSME is generally better suited for bi-directional end-to-end communication, it still incurs considerable long and variable transmission latencies, and challenges the network layer transition between the power-constrained wireless domain and the Internet. Our design and implementation on actual off-theshelf IoT hardware includes extensions to ICN that enable delay-tolerant data retrieval between LoRa nodes and an application on the Internet. An experimental comparison between default ICN mechanisms and our extensions shows that LoRa-ICN is able to achieve a high data delivery rate, while dealing with the higher latencies explicitly, thus providing a viable option for re-imaging LoRa networks with a data-oriented, Internet-friendly approach. IntroductIonThe Internet of Things (IoT) interconnects numerous sensors and actuators either locally or across the global Internet. From an application perspective, IoT systems are inherently data-oriented, that is, their purpose is often to provide access to named sensor data and control interfaces. From a device and communication perspective, things in the IoT are resource-constrained devices that are commonly powered by a small battery and communicate wirelessly.LoRaWAN systems today integrate the LoRa physical layer with the LoRaWAN MAC layer and corresponding infrastructure support. Among the IoT radio technologies, LoRa is a versatile and popular candidate [1,2] since it provides a physical layer that allows for data transmission over multiple kilometers with minimal energy consumption. At the same time, the high LoRa receiver sensitivity enables packet reception in noisy environments, which makes it attractive for industrial deployments. On the downside, LoRa achieves only low data rates requiring long on-air times, and significantly higher latencies compared to radios that are typically used for Internet access.The LoRaWAN MAC layer and network architecture that is often used in LoRa deployments, thus provide a vertically integrated sensor data delivery service on top of the LoRa PHY that implements media access and end-to-end network connectivity. Unfortunately, LoRaWAN cannot utilize the LoRa PHY to its best potential with respect to throughput and robustness and is mostly used for upstream-only communication. It is not intended to directly interconnect with the Internet, but relies on a bespoke middlebox architecture consisting of gateways and network servers. Overall LoRaWAN has the following main problems, as depicted in Fig. 1a.Centralization around a network server pre...

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Section: Integrating Lora With Icnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking LoRa for the IoT: An InformationCentric Approach

Kietzmann,

Alamos,

Kutscher

et al. 2024

IEEE Commun. Mag.

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“…To operate LoRa radios below DSME we define a DSME-LoRa adaptation , based on our original work [4], that maps 802.15.4 MAC operations to LoRa operations. The adaptation layer performs three tasks: (i) mapping of 802.15.4 channels to LoRa PHY channels.…”

Section: Dsme-lora System Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We proceed to evaluate the performance of DSME-LoRa for a larger networks using the INET [28] /OMNeT++ [63] based on our simulation environment [4]. The simulator utilizes the radio module of FLoRa [60] and the OMNeT++ adaptation of openDSME [31], namely inet-dsme, for the MAC implementation.…”

Section: Simulation Study: Assessment Of Large Scale Ensemblesmentioning

confidence: 99%

DSME-LoRa: Seamless Long-range Communication between Arbitrary Nodes in the Constrained IoT

Álamos¹,

Kietzmann²,

Schmidt

et al. 2022

ACM Trans. Sen. Netw.

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Long range radio communication is preferred in many IoT deployments as it avoids the complexity of multi-hop wireless networks. LoRa is a popular, energy-efficient wireless modulation but its networking substrate LoRaWAN introduces severe limitations to its users. In this paper, we present and thoroughly analyze DSME-LoRa, a system design of LoRa with IEEE 802.15.4 Deterministic Synchronous Multichannel Extension (DSME) as a MAC layer. DSME-LoRa offers the advantage of seamless client-to-client communication beyond the pure gateway-centric transmission of LoRaWAN. We evaluate its feasibility via a full-stack implementation on the popular RIOT operating system, assess its steady-state packet flows in an analytical stochastic Markov model, and quantify its scalability in massive communication scenarios using large scale network simulations. Our findings indicate that DSME-LoRa is indeed a powerful approach that opens LoRa to standard network layers and outperforms LoRaWAN in many dimensions.

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