“…1 Risk factors for PFH include emergent cesarean section, 2 cardiovascular conditions, most common being patent ductus arteriosus, 2 sepsis, 3 and acidosis (lower 5-day minimum pH), 2 devices-assisted deliveries such as vacuum 4 and forceps 5 in emergency situations, multiple gestations, 3 lack of antenatal steroids, 3 fetal heart rate abnormalities, 3 use of volume expanders and cardiotrophin, 3 and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use. 6 Genetic causes include cleidocranial dysostosis (CCD), 6 hemophilia A, 7 COL4A1 mutation, 8 RASopathy such as Noonan syndrome (NS), 9 and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). 10 11 Cranial ultrasound, encephalogram, head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and head computed tomography (CT) are important tools in diagnosing PFH, with head MRI being the gold standard.…”