Posterior segment conditions associated with myopia and high myopia

Jagadeesh, Divya; Philip, Krupa; Fedtke, Cathleen; Jong, Monica; Ly, Angelica; Sankaridurg, Padmaja

doi:10.1111/cxo.13060

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 116 publications

(349 reference statements)

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“…When considering only those patients in our study younger than 12 years at the time of examination, only 5% (2/37) presented with a posterior staphyloma, 11% (4/37) presented with peripapillary atrophy and 38% (14/37) presented with diffuse chorioretinal atrophy. These findings are significantly different from those of studies in older patients, such as that by Gozum et al, which showed posterior staphylomas in 23.6% of cases and peripapillary crescents in 66.5% [71], results that agree with those of Jagadeesh et al (2020), who observed a higher prevalence of myopic funduscopic changes in older patients [72]. These findings are consistent with the constant corneal remodeling and thinning performed by these MMPs.…”

Section: Other Genessupporting

confidence: 44%

Next-Generation Sequencing Screening of 43 Families with Non-Syndromic Early-Onset High Myopia: A Clinical and Genetic Study

González-Iglesias¹,

López-Vázquez

Noval

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Early-onset high myopia (EoHM) is a disease that causes a spherical refraction error of ≥−6 diopters before 10 years of age, with potential multiple ocular complications. In this article, we report a clinical and genetic study of 43 families with EoHM recruited in our center. A complete ophthalmological evaluation was performed, and a sample of peripheral blood was obtained from proband and family members. DNA was analyzed using a customized next-generation sequencing panel that included 419 genes related to ophthalmological disorders with a suspected genetic cause, and genes related to EoHM pathogenesis. We detected pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants in 23.9% of the families and detected variants of unknown significance in 76.1%. Of these, 5.7% were found in genes related to non-syndromic EoHM, 48.6% in genes associated with inherited retinal dystrophies that can include a syndromic phenotype, and 45.7% in genes that are not directly related to EoHM or retinal dystrophy. We found no candidate genes in 23% of the patients, which suggests that further studies are needed. We propose a systematic genetic analysis for patients with EoHM because it helps with follow-up, prognosis and genetic counseling.

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Section: Other Genessupporting

confidence: 44%

Next-Generation Sequencing Screening of 43 Families with Non-Syndromic Early-Onset High Myopia: A Clinical and Genetic Study

González-Iglesias¹,

López-Vázquez

Noval

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…Axial elongation is generally the result of structural changes in the posterior segment. Nonetheless, the mechanical stretching caused by axial elongation is usually accompanied by a reduction in oxygen consumption, eventually affecting the structure of the posterior segment [24][25] , such as the retina [26] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of optic nerve head microcirculation in high myopia

Tang¹,

Wang²,

Duan³

2023

Int J Ophthalmol

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AIM: To analyze the correlation of age, spherical equivalent (SE), and axial length (AL) with the microcirculation of optic nerve head (ONH) in high myopia (HM). METHODS: In this cross-sectional clinical study, 164 right eyes were included. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to detect ONH vessel density. Eyes were classified based on age, SE, and AL. Groups of Age1, Age2, and Age3 were denoted for age classification (Age1<20y, 20y≤Age2<30y, Age3≥30y); Groups SE1, SE2, and SE3 for the SE classification (-9≤SE1<-6 D, -12≤SE2<-9 D, SE3<-12 D); Groups AL1, AL2, AL3, and AL4 for the AL classification (AL1<26 mm, 26≤AL2<27 mm, 27≤AL3<28 mm, AL4≥28 mm). RESULTS: No significant difference was observed in vessel density among the Age1, Age2, and Age3 groups (all P>0.05) and the SE1, SE2, and SE3 groups (all P>0.05). No significant difference was observed in the intrapapillary vascular density (IVD) among AL1, AL2, AL3, and AL4 groups (P>0.05). However, a significant decrease was found in the peripapillary vascular density (PVD) in the AL1, AL2, AL3, and AL4 groups (F=3.605, P=0.015), especially in the inferotemporal (IT; F=6.25, P<0.001), temporoinferior (TI; F=2.865, P=0.038), and temporosuperior (TS; F=6.812, P<0.001) sectors. The IVD was correlated with age (r=-0.190, P<0.05) but not with SE or AL (P>0.05). The PVD was correlated with AL (r=-0.236, P<0.01) but not with age or SE (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: With the increase of AL, the IVD remains stable while the PVD decreases, especially in the three directions of temporal (IT, TI, and TS). The main cause of microcirculation reduction may be related to AL elongation rather than an increase in age or SE.

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“…Emmetropes had non‐cycloplegic subjective spherical equivalent refractions (SER) between Plano and +0.50 D, and myopes had non‐cycloplegic SER between −0.75 D and −6.00 D. Subjective refraction included monocular subjective refraction using best vision sphere—maximum plus to maximum visual acuity; cylindrical power; and axis refinement using the Jackson cross‐cylinder and binocular balancing using the monocular fogging balance (modified Humphriss) method. As high myopia (≤−6.00 D) carries a risk of pathological changes such as myopic maculopathy and retinal detachment (reviewed by Jagadeesh et al 31 ) and can affect accommodation measurements, individuals with high myopia were excluded. People with anisometropia >1.50 D and/or cylinder >1.50 D, or with a past or current history of myopia control treatment, for example orthokeratology and multifocal lenses, were also excluded.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accommodation lags are higher in myopia than in emmetropia: Measurement methods and metrics matter

Kaphle

Varnas

Schmid

et al. 2022

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Purpose To determine whether accommodative errors in emmetropes and myopes are systematically different, and the effect of using different instruments and metrics. Methods Seventy‐six adults aged 18–27 years comprising 24 emmetropes (spherical equivalent refraction of the dominant eye +0.04 ± 0.03 D) and 52 myopes (−2.73 ± 0.22 D) were included. Accommodation responses were measured with a Grand Seiko WAM‐5500 and a Hartmann–Shack Complete Ophthalmic Analysis System aberrometer, using pupil plane (Zernike and Seidel refraction) and retinal image plane (neural sharpness—NS; and visual Strehl ratio for modulation transfer function—VSMTF) metrics at 40, 33 and 25 cm. Accommodation stimuli were presented to the corrected dominant eye, and responses, referenced to the corneal plane, were determined in the fellow eye. Linear mixed‐effects models were used to determine influence of the refractive group, the measurement method, accommodation stimulus, age, race, parental myopia, gender and binocular measures of heterophoria, accommodative convergence/accommodation and convergence accommodation/convergence ratios. Results Lags of accommodation were affected significantly by the measurement method (p < 0.001), the refractive group (p = 0.003), near heterophoria (p = 0.002) and accommodative stimulus (p < 0.05), with significant interactions between some of these variables. Overall, emmetropes had smaller lags of accommodation than myopes with respective means ± standard errors of 0.31 ± 0.08 D and 0.61 ± 0.06 D (p = 0.003). Lags were largest for the Grand Seiko and Zernike defocus, intermediate for NS and VSMTF, and least for Seidel defocus. Conclusions The mean lag of accommodation in emmetropes is approximately equal to the previously reported depth of focus. Myopes had larger (double) lags than emmetropes. Differences between methods and instruments could be as great as 0.50 D, and this must be considered when comparing studies and outcomes. Accommodative lag increased with the accommodation stimulus, but only for methods using a fixed small pupil diameter.

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Posterior segment conditions associated with myopia and high myopia

Cited by 10 publications

References 116 publications

Next-Generation Sequencing Screening of 43 Families with Non-Syndromic Early-Onset High Myopia: A Clinical and Genetic Study

Next-Generation Sequencing Screening of 43 Families with Non-Syndromic Early-Onset High Myopia: A Clinical and Genetic Study

Changes of optic nerve head microcirculation in high myopia

Accommodation lags are higher in myopia than in emmetropia: Measurement methods and metrics matter

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