Postexercise Muscle Cooling Enhances Gene Expression of PGC-1α

Ihsan, Mohammed; Watson, Greig; Choo, Hui Cheng; Lewandowski, Paul; Papazzo, Annateresa; Cameron‐Smith, David; Abbiss, Chris R.

doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000308

Cited by 47 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…For instance, in studies using cell culture and animal models, mitochondrial biogenesis has shown to be up-regulated following both heat and cold exposures through PGC-1α dependant mechanisms similar to that observed following exercise (Bruton et al, 2010;Liu & Brooks, 2012;Puigserver et al, 1998;Tamura et al, 2014;Wu et al, 1999). However, when administered following exercise, both heat and cold interventions have demonstrated contradictory results, with some studies showing beneficial, while others detrimental effects on PGC-1α and/or muscle aerobic performance (Ihsan et al, 2014;Slivka et al, 2013;Slivka et al, 2012;Tamura et al, 2014;Yamane et al, 2006). Taken together, these studies highlight the potential of these modalities to both enhance and diminish mitochondrial adaptations to training, as well implicating PGC-1α as a key target in these mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…As such, it is not possible in these studies to determine if differences in cell signalling were temperature or contraction driven. Nevertheless, recent study by Ihsan et al (2014) has demonstrated that cold-induced shivering thermogenesis was not necessary to enhance aerobic adaptations mediated by exercise. Indeed, using a one-legged cooling design to avoid shivering, Ihsan et al (2014) showed that 15 min of postexercise cold water immersion (10°C) resulted in increased mRNA content of PGC-1α following exercise.…”

Section: Post-exercise Cold Exposurementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Nevertheless, recent study by Ihsan et al (2014) has demonstrated that cold-induced shivering thermogenesis was not necessary to enhance aerobic adaptations mediated by exercise. Indeed, using a one-legged cooling design to avoid shivering, Ihsan et al (2014) showed that 15 min of postexercise cold water immersion (10°C) resulted in increased mRNA content of PGC-1α following exercise. Moreover, unpublished data from our laboratory show increased AMPK and p38 MAPK signalling along with increased complex III and β-HAD protein expression following regular post-exercise cooling over 4 weeks of endurance training (Ihsan et al, 2013b, unpublished observation).…”

Section: Post-exercise Cold Exposurementioning

confidence: 98%

“…As opposed to passive cold exposure, more studies have investigated the effects of cold exposure following exercise instead Ihsan et al, 2014;Slivka et al, 2013;Slivka et al, 2012;Yamane et al, 2006). In an early study, it was shown that improvements in VO2max and cycling time to exhaustion during single leg cycling following 4 weeks of endurance training were attenuated in the leg subjected to regular post-exercise cooling (2 x 20 min at 5°C) (Yamane et al, 2006).…”

Section: Post-exercise Cold Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data at the molecular level seems conflicting as well regarding the role of post-exercise cold exposure on muscle oxidative adaptations to exercise (Ihsan et al, 2014;Slivka et al, 2013;Slivka et al, 2012). For instance, recent studies by Slivka et al (2013; investigated the effect of environmental temperature during post-exercise recovery and reported significant elevations in PGC-1α mRNA expression when a 3 to 4 h post-exercise recovery period was undertaken in cold (7°C), compared with temperate (20°C) conditions.…”

Section: Post-exercise Cold Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

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PGC-1α Mediated Muscle Aerobic Adaptations to Exercise, Heat and Cold Exposure

Ihsan¹,

Watson²,

Abbiss³

2014

Cell Mol Exerc Physiol

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PGC-1α is regarded as a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis due to its central role in regulating the activity of key transcription factors associated with encoding mitochondrial components. Additionally, PGC-1α has shown to mediate adaptations that increase fat metabolism and angiogenesis, contributing to the overall oxidative phenotype of the muscle. While it is well established that exercise is a potent stimulator of PGC-1α, recent evidence indicates that heat and cold exposures may also influence mitochondrial biogenesis through the up-regulation of PGC-1α. This highlights the potential use of these modalities in conjunction with exercise to enhance training adaptations. As such, the purpose of this review is to describe the possible mechanisms and pathways by which exercise, as well as hot and cold exposures may influence mitochondrial biogenesis. It is clear that changes in intracellular calcium, oxidative stress and phosphorylation potential are major up-regulators of PGC-1α during exercise. Moreover, there is evidence implicating calcium signalling, in addition to β-adrenergic activation in cold-induced mitochondrial biogenesis, while PGC-1α during heat exposure is likely triggered by changes in phosphorylation potential and nitric oxide signalling. However, these mechanisms appear to change considerably when cold/heat is administered following exercise, and seem to be dependent on the experimental models used (i.e. in vitro vs. in vivo, rodent vs. human). Understanding the effects heat/cold exposure and its interaction with exercise may lead to the optimisation and development of temperature-related interventions to enhance training adaptations, or aid in the treatment of mitochondrial related diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Post-exercise Cold Exposurementioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Post-exercise Cold Exposurementioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Post-exercise Cold Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Post-exercise Cold Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

PGC-1α Mediated Muscle Aerobic Adaptations to Exercise, Heat and Cold Exposure

Ihsan¹,

Watson²,

Abbiss³

2014

Cell Mol Exerc Physiol

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Passive and post-exercise cold-water immersion augments PGC-1α and VEGF expression in human skeletal muscle

et al. 2016

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PurposeWe tested the hypothesis that both post-exercise and passive cold water immersion (CWI) increases PGC-1α and VEGF mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle.Method Study 1 Nine males completed an intermittent running protocol (8 × 3-min bouts at 90 % , interspersed with 3-min active recovery (1.5-min at 25 % and 1.5-min at 50 % ) before undergoing CWI (10 min at 8 °C) or seated rest (CONT) in a counterbalanced, randomised manner. Study 2 Ten males underwent an identical CWI protocol under passive conditions.Results Study 1 PGC-1α mRNA increased in CONT (~3.4-fold; P < 0.001) and CWI (~5.9-fold; P < 0.001) at 3 h post-exercise with a greater increase observed in CWI (P < 0.001). VEGFtotal mRNA increased after CWI only (~2.4-fold) compared with CONT (~1.1-fold) at 3 h post-exercise (P < 0.01). Study 2 Following CWI, PGC-1α mRNA expression was significantly increased ~1.3-fold (P = 0.001) and 1.4-fold (P = 0.0004) at 3 and 6 h, respectively. Similarly, VEGF165 mRNA was significantly increased in CWI ~1.9-fold (P = 0.03) and 2.2-fold (P = 0.009) at 3 and 6 h post-immersion.ConclusionsData confirm post-exercise CWI augments the acute exercise-induced expression of PGC-1α mRNA in human skeletal muscle compared to exercise per se. Additionally CWI per se mediates the activation of PGC-1α and VEGF mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle. Cold water may therefore enhance the adaptive response to acute exercise.

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PGC-1α alternative promoter (Exon 1b) controls augmentation of total PGC-1α gene expression in response to cold water immersion and low glycogen availability

Allan

Morton

et al. 2020

Eur J Appl Physiol

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This investigation sought to determine whether post-exercise cold water immersion and low glycogen availability, separately and in combination, would preferentially activate either the Exon 1a or Exon 1b Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) promoter. Through a reanalysis of sample design, we identified that the systemic cold-induced augmentation of total PGC-1α gene expression observed previously (Allan et al. in J Appl Physiol 123(2):451–459, 2017) was largely a result of increased expression from the alternative promoter (Exon 1b), rather than canonical promoter (Exon 1a). Low glycogen availability in combination with local cooling of the muscle (Allan et al. in Physiol Rep 7(11):e14082, 2019) demonstrated that PGC-1α alternative promoter (Exon 1b) expression continued to rise at 3 h post-exercise in all conditions; whilst, expression from the canonical promoter (Exon 1a) decreased between the same time points (post-exercise–3 h post-exercise). Importantly, this increase in PGC-1α Exon 1b expression was reduced compared to the response of low glycogen or cold water immersion alone, suggesting that the combination of prior low glycogen and CWI post-exercise impaired the response in gene expression versus these conditions individually. Data herein emphasise the influence of post-exercise cooling and low glycogen availability on Exon-specific control of total PGC-1 α gene expression and highlight the need for future research to assess Exon-specific regulation of PGC-1α.

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Postexercise Muscle Cooling Enhances Gene Expression of PGC-1α

Abstract: These data indicate that an acute postexercise cooling intervention enhances the gene expression of PGC-1α and may therefore provide a valuable strategy to enhance exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis.

Cited by 47 publications

References 44 publications

PGC-1α Mediated Muscle Aerobic Adaptations to Exercise, Heat and Cold Exposure

PGC-1α Mediated Muscle Aerobic Adaptations to Exercise, Heat and Cold Exposure

Passive and post-exercise cold-water immersion augments PGC-1α and VEGF expression in human skeletal muscle

PGC-1α alternative promoter (Exon 1b) controls augmentation of total PGC-1α gene expression in response to cold water immersion and low glycogen availability

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