List of figures i
List of abbreviations vIntroduction: The American History of Rockstar Games Historical Games Studies and the 'developer-historian' Rationale Methodology Thesis Overview Chapter 0.5: Game Overviews Red Dead Redemption (2010) L.A. Noire (2011) Chapter 1: The Rockstar Brand Open World Games Rockstar as Outsider Rockstar (g)ames as Satire; Rockstar as Cultural Historian Rockstar and American Cinema Masculinity 'Rockstar Games Presents…' Conclusions Chapter 2: Creating a Discourse of Historical Authenticity The 'True West' and 'Real Crimes' L.A. Noire's 'Real Crime Stories' Conclusions: The Historiographic Surround and the Rockstar Brand Chapter 3: Creating a Discourse of Cinematic Authenticity A discourse of cinematic authenticity 'Rockstar Recommends' Red Dead Redemption and the Western L.A. Noire and the (Neo) Noir History of Los Angeles Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, and the 1980s according to Rockstar Conclusions Chapter 4. The Predetermined Limits of Historical Gameplay Red Dead Redemption: The 'complete western experience'? Authenticating the 'Open-World' Western Experience Gameplay: 'This is what life in the West was like. This is Red Dead Redemption.' L.A. Noire: 'a new genre of video games' 'Sometimes there's no better substitute than real life': the 'Real' Space of 1947 Los Angeles Marketing 'Authentic' Detective Work Selling Freedom and the Illusion of Choice Conclusions Chapter 5. Women in Rockstar's History Revolver to Redemption Women in RDR's 'True West' 'A man's world' Making Fun of Masculinity? L.A. Noire The noir 'zeitgeist', film criticism and historiography The Black Dahlia and the 'Homicide' cases: A 'sad story' of post-war womanhood The Femme Fatale Conclusions Conclusion: 'Rockstar Games Presents'…American History?The case for studying historical video game promotion Bibliography i Thank you to my supervisor, Professor J.E. Smyth. Your knowledge and guidance have been invaluable in navigating the PhD experience, and I am so grateful for your endless encouragement and belief in me. To my family, and especially my parents, who have always supported my academic endeavours. Thank you for being there to remind me that there was and is life outside of them. Thank you to all the people who were there to support or humour me, even when I was in the pits of PhD despair, especially Somak