Postharvest Drying Techniques Regulate Secondary Metabolites and Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activities of Ganoderma lucidum

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum extract is a potent traditional remedy for curing various ailments. Drying is the most important postharvest step during the processing of Ganoderma lucidum. The drying process mainly involves heat (36 h at 60 °C) and freeze-drying (36 h at −80 °C). We investigated the effects of different postharvest drying protocols on the metabolites profiling of Ganoderma lucidum using GC-MS, followed by an investigation of the anti-neuroinflammatory potential in LPS-treated BV2 microglial cells. A total of 109 primary metabolites were detected from heat and freeze-dried samples. Primary metabolite profiling showed higher levels of amino acids (17.4%) and monosaccharides (8.8%) in the heat-dried extracts, whereas high levels of organic acids (64.1%) were present in the freeze-dried samples. The enzymatic activity, such as ATP-citrate synthase, pyruvate kinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatase dehydrogenase, glutamine synthase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, and D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, related to the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle were significantly high in the heat-dried samples. We also observed a decreased phosphorylation level of the MAP kinase (Erk1/2, p38, and JNK) and NF-κB subunit p65 in the heat-dried samples of the BV2 microglia cells. The current study suggests that heat drying improves the production of ganoderic acids by the upregulation of TCA-related pathways, which, in turn, gives a significant reduction in the inflammatory response of LPS-induced BV2 cells. This may be attributed to the inhibition of NF-κB and MAP kinase signaling pathways in cells treated with heat-dried extracts.

Phenolic Compounds in Some Widely Distributed Medicinal Mushroom Species in Armenia

“…The heat-dried extract was differentiated due to a high level of amino acids (L-Alanine, L-Serine, L-Asparagine, L-Proline, and L-Threonine); alcohols and derivatives (D Mannitol, glycerol, ethylene glycol and silanol) and monosaccharides (D-(−)-fructose, D-(+)-mannose and D-(−)-ribofuranose). In the freeze-dried samples, the organic acids were found to be significantly higher [17].…”

“…G. lucidum has been used in herbal medicine for many years to treat human diseases, including cancer, viral hepatitis, and bronchitis, and more. Previous studies worldwide have reported that the G. lucidum extract could elicit innate immune responses, control cell proliferation, and cause cancer cell migration [17].…”

Nontargeted metabolomics study and pharmacodynamic evaluation of bidirectional fermentation for Ganoderma lucidum with Marsdenia tenacissima

“…Some substances of traditional Marsdenia tenacissima may also promote the growth and metabolism of medicinal Ganoderma lucidum and the production of active ingredients. Ganoderma lucidum may also change its metabolic pathways in the particular environment of Marsdenia tenacissima with Ganoderma lucidum and compound prescriptions, thus forming new active ingredients or changing the relationship between active ingredients ( Sadiq et al, 2021 ). This study focused on the biotransformation of Marsdenia tenacissima with the help of Ganoderma lucidum enzyme system, with the aim of co-fermenting Marsdenia tenacissima with Ganoderma lucidum in culture.…”