Postharvest Physiology of Fruits and Vegetables

Pentzer, and W T; Heinze, Peter

doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.05.060154.001225

Cited by 41 publications

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“…Determinations were made on fruits that had been held 6 days at 200, 100, and 00 C and also on fruits that had been held 6 days at 100 and 00 C, 1, in the internal atmosphere of orange fruits 0, 1, 5, 15, and 63 hours after transfer to 200 C following a 6-day exposure to temperatures of 00 and 100 C. Confirming the previous report (7), the initial CO., percentage increased as the holding temperature increased. (1,5,12,16,17) have discussed the relative merits of the first two factors, but few have mentioned the third.…”

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Physiological Studies of Chilling Injury in Citrus Fruits

Eaks

1960

Plant Physiol.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Studies of Chilling Injury in Citrus Fruits

Eaks

1960

Plant Physiol.

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“…Temperatures that cause chilling injury vary with species and can be as high as 12.5 C (14). The lower the temperature and the longer the time of exposure, the more severely a plant will be injured.…”

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Reversibility of Chilling Injury to Corn Seedlings

Creencia

Bramlage

1971

Plant Physiol.

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Seedlings of corn (Zea mays) were tested for recovery from chilling injury incurred at 0.3 ± 0.3 C. At 0.3 C visual leaf injury appeared in 36 hours, whereas stem and root injuries appeared later. Appearance of leaf injury was preceded by a rise in 02 uptake and a lessened effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on 03 uptake by leaf segments and was accompanied by increased ion leakage from the leaves. These effects were Temperatures that cause chilling injury vary with species and can be as high as 12.5 C (14). The lower the temperature and the longer the time of exposure, the more severely a plant will be injured. Extended periods of chilling are usually lethal, whereas shorter periods delay and can permanently modify growth and development of a plant. Clearly, however, some expressions of chilling injury are reversible by transfer to nonchilling temperature, at least in their early stages of development. For example, cacao seed viability is normally destroyed in 10 min at 4 C, but it will survive this exposure if quickly immersed in 37 C water (2). Likewise, respiration of chilled citrus fruits increased less when alternated between chilling and nonchilling temperatures than when held constantly at chilling temperatures (6); decreased ATP content of cotton seedlings was restored to the control level when the seedlings were returned to 30 C after 24 hr but not after 48 hr at 5 C (16); decreased ascorbate and chlorogenic acid contents in chilled sweetpotato roots were regained after 2 but not 4 weeks at 75 C (11).This reversibility of chilling injury has been commonly observed but has not been examined systematically. Little is known of the mechanism of this reversal or how much injury can be reversed or how complete the reversal is. We have conducted a series of experiments to determine the extent of chilling injury that can be reversed and the rate of this reversal, using corn seedlings as the susceptible plant material and 02 uptake, sensitivity to upcoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by DNP,' ion leakage, growth, and visual symptoms as the parameters of chilling injury. MATERIALS AND METHODSPreliminary trials showed that seedlings of Rainbow cv. of flint corn (Zea mays var. Indurata) are sensitive to chilling injury, are injured rapidly, and produce clear, characteristic visual symptoms of the injury. They, therefore, were used in all experiments. Seeds were soaked for 24 hr at room temperature and sown in flats of vermiculite. Seedlings were grown for 7 days at 21 C under continuous light of 100 to 140 ft-c and then thinned to 10 uniform plants before chilling treatments were begun. They were watered on alternate days with tap water and full-strength Hoagland's solution.In a preliminary experiment, seedlings were chilled at various temperatures for different lengths of time to determine the effective temperature range for chilling them and also to establish their development of visual injury symptoms. However, in all experiments for which data are reported here 7-day-old seedlings were chilled at 0.3 + 0....

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“…The injury, manifested by discoloration, susceptibility to decay, and failure to ripen, is generally progressive with time indicating a gradual de-,generation of physiological processes. There is also some evidence (7,16) (6,14) there have been few metabolic and physiological studies of this phenomenon. It therefore seemed desirable to investigate biochemical aspects concerned with chilling injury.…”

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Biochemical Studies of Chilling Injury in Sweetpotatoes.

et al. 1958

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Many plants indigenous to subtropical and tropical regions suffer physiological injury when subjected to low (1 to 100 C) but non-freezing temperatures (6,14). The injury, manifested by discoloration, susceptibility to decay, and failure to ripen, is generally progressive with time indicating a gradual de-,generation of physiological processes. There is also some evidence (7,16) (6,14) there have been few metabolic and physiological studies of this phenomenon. It therefore seemed desirable to investigate biochemical aspects concerned with chilling injury. The emphasis in such a study should be to detect changes occurring at the cellular and subcellular level during exposure of sensitive tissues to low temperatures.We recently studied cytoplasmic particles from sweetpotato roots (a tissue sensitive to low temperature) and had established a system for assaying their mitochondria (8, 9). It was therefore possible to investigate the effect of chilling on mitochondria, the organelles intimately concerned with energy metabolism in the cell. Our purpose was to compare mitochondrial activity from chilled and non-chilled tissues and also to study some metabolic differences between tissue slices from chilled and non-chilled tissues. It is hoped that this approach will yield clues to the mechanisms concerned in chilling injury.MATERIALS Beltsville, MIaryland, were used in these experiments. The roots were harvested early to insure that no chilling occurred in the field. Immediately after harvest, the roots were held for 10 days at 290 C and approximately 95 % relative humidity to promote healing of surface injuries. After this curing period the sweetpotatoes were divided into two lots. One lot was transferred to a constant temperature room held at 15°C, a recommended storage temperature, and the second lot was transferred to a room held at 7.50 C, the chilling temperature used in these experiments. Both rooms were equipped with humidistats set to maintain a relative humidity of 80 to 85 %. The roots were sampled after curing and at predetermined intervals during storage at the two temperatures. The chilled and non-chilled roots were compared with respect to ion leakage from tissue slices and with respect to oxidation and phosphorylation exhibited by isolated mitochondria.The leakage from tissue slices was determined by conductivity measurements of solutions surrounding slices which were approximately 2 mm thick and 1 cm in diameter. Duplicate 10-g samples from chilled and non-chilled roots, previously washed in distilled water for one hour, were placed in 120-ml flasks containing 15 ml of either distilled water or 0.5 M sucrose. The flasks were shaken in a constant temperature bath at 25°C for two hours at a shaking speed of 120 strokes per minute. Conductivity measurements were made with a Serfass Conductivity Bridge using a cell with a constant of 0.1. The tissue was sampled at harvest and at intervals as specified during a 10-week storage period.In the 2nd year the solutions were frozen and held until the end of the exp...

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Postharvest Physiology of Fruits and Vegetables

Cited by 41 publications

References 1 publication

Physiological Studies of Chilling Injury in Citrus Fruits

Physiological Studies of Chilling Injury in Citrus Fruits

Reversibility of Chilling Injury to Corn Seedlings

Biochemical Studies of Chilling Injury in Sweetpotatoes.

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