The Angel as Host
J. Hillis Miller's Last FlightA critical and theoretical agon staged during an MLA panel on "The Limits of Pluralism" in 1976 shook the foundations of literary study, generating a spiraling vortex that, after numerous turns-from the linguistic turn to the ethical turn, the affective turn to the cognitive turn, the new materialist turn to the environmental turn-continues to cast a shadow on the present and future of criticism and theory. While theory has long been proclaimed dead since then, it has not ceased to resurrect, albeit under different masks that are still genealogically indebted to what had, perhaps, the force of an event at the time and deserves to be revisited today. This agon, or contest, involved the confrontation of two exemplary literary critics who represented antagonistic methodological principles in theory, but also shared a number of assumptions about the importance of pluralism in their critical practices. On one side of the agon, the eminent critic, M. H. Abrams, still known today for his landmark study on Romanticism, The Mirror and the Lamp (1953), offered a strong critique of a then rising and already notorious school of criticism known as "deconstruction." The talk, titled "The Deconstructive Angel," (1977) offered a critique that was itself a mirroring reply to a prior deconstructive reading of Abrams' work. The "angel" who had "deconstructed" Abrams's humanistic "metaphysical presuppositions" (Miller 1972, 6) in an incisive review of Naturalism Supernaturalism (Abrams, 1971) was a younger but increasingly influential critic: a Professor at Yale who had already to this day, remain perhaps the distinctive feature of the humanities more generally. This also mean that the theoretical stakes had practical consequences. In question were, in fact, venerable institutions like the Western canon, for instance, but also the stability of disciplinary boundaries, nationalist approaches to literary history, and by extension the status of cultural otherness, multilingualism, comparative perspectives etc. all of which had the potential to overturn hiring practices, teaching curricula, and methods of interpretations for decades to come. As Abrams foresaw at the opening of his talk: "who can predict how many others will be drawn into the vortex before it comes to an end?" (1977, 425).Published in the then recently founded journal, Critical Inquiry, the vortex quickly picked up speed. If it spiraled into the "theory wars" that dominated the 1980s, the effect of the vortex was to fuel the rapidly expanding field of "theory" that, under different masks-from deconstruction to new historicism, feminism to queer theory, critical race theory to postcolonial studies, among other schools-dominated the twilight of the last century. Despite the multiple proclamations of the "death of theory" at the dawn of the twenty-first century, the question of what "reading" entails in its relation to "knowledge" is still at the center of debates fifty years later, periodically resurfacing in the same journa...