Postmenopausal bleeding: clinicopathologic study in a teaching hospital of Andhra Pradesh

Kothapally, Kavitha Reddy; Bhashyakarla, Uma

doi:10.5455/2320-1770.ijrcog20130916

Cited by 23 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Risk of endometrial cancer in women with PMB rises with age, peak incidence was observed in the age group of 55-70 yrs which was similar to those observed by Opmeer et al and Kothapally K et al 17,18 All the patients except those with frank ca cervix underwent dilatation and curettage. Table 3 shows the different histopathological findings on fractional curettage among benign aetiology, atrophic endometritis was most common followed by functional endometrium.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Present results were comparable with studies conducted by Nirupama et al, Peter et al Kothapally et al and Wondwossen E et al, as in, all these studies showed higher percentage of patients with malignant aetiology of PMB to be having cervical carcinoma than endometrial carcinoma, however overall incidence of malignant aetiology was higher than benign aetiology in Wondwossen et al study in contrast to other studies. 4,16,18,19 This may be due to ethnic differences in the population. Nasira et al showed higher incidence of adenocarcinoma of endometrium as compared to cervical carcinoma, though overall malignant aetiology was 16%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A study of aetiology and prevalence of malignancy in patients with post menopausal bleeding

Sharma¹,

Chandnani²

2017

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

INTRODUCTIONWHO has defined menopause as the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from the loss of ovarian follicular activity.1 Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is defined as abnormal uterine bleeding occurring after one year of menopause. Common menopausal age in Indian women is around 42-50 years. It is a common clinical problem, occuring in approximately 3%-5% of post menopausal women and represents one of the most common reasons for referral to gynaecological services, largely due to suspicion of an underlying genital tract malignancy.2,3 Aetiology of post menopausal bleeding includes benign causes like proliferative or atrophic ABSTRACT Background: Post-menopausal bleeding (PMB) is a frequent and alarming sign and exclusion of genital tract malignancy should be the primary aim of investigation. Approximately 1 in 10 women experiences this problem. Increasing time interval between menopause and onset of post-menopausal bleeding is highly indicative of malignancy. Objectives of this study were to study the various etiologies and risk factors of post-menopausal bleeding and to find the prevalence of malignant pathology in women with post-menopausal bleeding. Methods: Prospective observational study carried out in Obstetrics and Gynecology department of SBKSMIRC (Shrimati Bhikhiben Kanjibhai Shah Medical Institute and Research Centre), Dhiraj general hospital, comprising of 150 consecutive cases of postmenopausal bleeding occurring after one year of menopause, presenting in OPD or admitted in Gynecology or emergency ward with the same complaint. Patients were assessed clinically as well as thoroughly investigated to find out exact etiology. Pap smears, tranvaginal ultrasound, fractional curettage and biopsies were done. Statistical analysis of data was done after compiling and tabulation of data. Mean±SD for age and percentages for etiologies were calculated and compared with other studies. Results: Benign aetiology was seen in 74% of the cases, malignant aetiology in 24% which is a significant proportion of menopausal women presenting with Post-menopausal bleeding. 58% (87/150) patients were in the age group 50-59 and presented after five to ten years of menopause. Commonest benign aetiology was atrophic endometrium 25.4% and another 32.5% had functional endometrium as cause of PMB (proliferative 13.2%, hyperplasia 13.2% and secretory 6.1%). Among malignancies carcinoma cervix was the commonest, 52.7%, (12.6%) of study population followed by carcinoma endometrium, 25% (6% of total population), thus making thorough and proper evaluation of all cases of PMB mandatory to pick up malignant lesions at early stage and initiate treatment accordingly. Conclusions: Post-menopausal bleeding has become a common complaint in gynecology OPD and considering its possible association with malignancy, even slightest amount of bleeding demands proper work up.

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of aetiology and prevalence of malignancy in patients with post menopausal bleeding

Sharma¹,

Chandnani²

2017

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Exogenous estrogen: the percentage is zero, this is most likely due to small number of women in our society that use HRT in postmenopausal years due to lack of awareness about its advantages. The frequency percentage of cervicitis-CIN was (15.7%), which was the 3rd etiology of postmenopausal bleeding in this study, which is higher than other study [39]. There is no evidence to indicate whether different patterns of PMB such as one-off bleeding or more frequent bleeds are more likely to be associated with malignancy [40].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 49%

Assessment of postmenopausal bleeding: a cohort case study

Al-Turiahi¹

2016

ajbm

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The objective of this study is to assessment the postmenopausal bleeding (PMB), and investigated their causes, correlation with variable socio-demographic status. A 140-women complaining of PMB were enrolled in this study, each patient had a proper questionnaire filled in, with appropriate investigations that included; ultrasonography, Pap smear, colposcopy with cervical biopsy and endometrial curettage to take endometrial biopsy for histopathology. Nearly all cases were married 135 (96.4%), most of them were obese and overweight 97(69.3%), 43(30.7%) were having normal body mass index. Various etiology of PMB were found in this study; endometrial cancer (9.3%), cervical cancer (0.7%), atrophic endometritis (7.1%), atrophic vaginitis (2.8%), endometrial hyperplasia (45%), cervicitis-CIN (15.7%), cervical polyp (12.8%), and endometrial polyp (18.6%). Bleeding from benign causes and of endometrial cancer occurs at fifth decade and sixth decade of life, while from cervical cancer occurs at seventh decade. The pattern of PMB; mild bleeding significantly higher in cervicitis-CIN; moderate bleeding more in endometrial polyp and significantly higher than mild and sever bleeding; while severe bleeding was significantly associated in endometrial cancer. Duration of PMB had a vast range (4 days to 5 years). 24.83% of cases had prolonged bleeding > 6months, (48.7%) with endometrial hyperplasia, (12.8%) had endometrial cancer. The endometrial cancer present in 10% of the patients with recurrent PMB.

show abstract

“…The present study showed that 64.7% of women attained their menopause between 46-50 years with mean age of onset being 48.7 years. Study conducted by Kavitha et al [9] found 43.3% of women have attained menopause between 46-50 years of age. In our study, there was history of hypertension in 30.2% of women, diabetes mellitus in 10.3% of women and 34.5% of women were obese.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of Clinical and Histopathological Evaluation in Wom en With Postmenopausal Bleeding: A Hospital Based Study in Kashmir

Kant¹,

Iqbal²,

Rather³

et al. 2015

jemds

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BACKGROUND:Postmenopausal bleeding is a dreaded symptom both for the women and gynaecologist. Though it can be of benign origin, malignancy has to be ruled out and as such needs prompt evaluation. OBJECTIVE: (1) To study the etiological factors of postmenopausal bleeding and establish various endometrial causes of postmenopausal bleeding through histopathological evaluation. (2) To investigate the clinical significance of postmenopausal bleeding in terms of risk factors, incidence of malignancy and histopathological evaluation. METHODOLOGY: This observational study was conducted at Lalla Ded Hospital Srinagar over a period of 18 months in which 116 cases of postmenopausal bleeding were enrolled in the study. All patients were subjected to detailed history, examination and investigations followed by diagnostic curettage. Endometrial curretings were sent for histopathological examination. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS V.16.0) and Microsoft Excel were used to carry statistical analysis of data. Data was analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics viz. %age, mean S.D. Graphically data was presented by bar and pie diagrams. RESULTS: Majority of the patients with postmenopausal bleeding were in the age of 45-55 years (63.8%), majority of cases 64(55.2%) were para 1-3, uterus was of normal size in 53 cases (45.7%). Mean age of onset of menopause was 48.7 years. Obesity was found in 40 cases (34.5%), hypertension in 35 cases (30.2%), and diabetes in 12 cases (10.3%). Out of the 116 cases studied; the most common cause of bleeding in the postmenopausal age group was endometrial hyperplasia in 41 out of 116(35.3%) followed by atrophic endometrium in 39 of 116(33.6%). Endometrial polyps were found in 9 (7.8%) cases, proliferative endometrium was found in 10(8.6%), endometritis was seen in 3(2.6%) cases, secretory endometrium in 1(0.9%) cases and adenofibroma in 1(0.9%) cases. The incidence of endometrial carcinoma in this study was 6% (7 out of 116 cases) mean age being 56.7 years and with duration of menopause more than 3 years. In 5 cases (4.3%) no endometrial tissue was obtained, hence no diagnosis could be made.

show abstract

Postmenopausal bleeding: clinicopathologic study in a teaching hospital of Andhra Pradesh

Cited by 23 publications

References 11 publications

A study of aetiology and prevalence of malignancy in patients with post menopausal bleeding

A study of aetiology and prevalence of malignancy in patients with post menopausal bleeding

Assessment of postmenopausal bleeding: a cohort case study

Significance of Clinical and Histopathological Evaluation in Wom en With Postmenopausal Bleeding: A Hospital Based Study in Kashmir

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About