Postmenopausal hormone therapy and mammographic breast density

Marchesoni, D.; Driul, Lorenza; Ianni, A.; Fabiani, G.; Martina, Monica Della; Zuiani, Chiara; Bazzocchi, Massimo

doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.02.010

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Conversely, women who started drinking alcohol before menarche were half as likely to be in high MD groups as women who started drinking after menarche. This is in agreement with reports showing that prepubertal estrogenic exposures reduce MD (31,32) while estrogenic exposures during adulthood increase it (2,(33)(34)(35).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Alcohol, tobacco, and mammographic density: a population-based study

Cabanes

Pastor-Barriuso

García-López

et al. 2011

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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Sánchez-Contador, et al.. Alcohol, tobacco, and mammographic density: a population-based study. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, Springer Verlag, 2011, 129 (1) Screening Program network. The association between MD, alcohol consumption and tobacco use was evaluated by using ordinal logistic models with random center-specific intercepts.We found a weak positive association between current alcohol intake and higher MD, with current alcohol consumption increasing the odds of high MD by 13% (OR=1.13; 95% CI 0.99-1.28) and high daily grams of alcohol being positively associated with increased MD (p for trend=0.045). There were no statistically significant differences in MD between smokers and non-smokers. Nevertheless, increased number of daily cigarettes and increased number of accumulated lifetime cigarettes were negatively associated with high MD (p for trend 0.017 and 0.021). The effect of alcohol on MD was modified by menopausal status and tobacco smoking: whereas alcohol consumption and daily grams of alcohol were positively associated with higher MD in postmenopausal women and in women who were not currently smoking, alcohol consumption had no effect on MD in premenopausal women and current smokers. 4Our results support an association between recent alcohol consumption and high MD, characterized by a modest increase in risk at low levels of current consumption and a decrease in risk among heavier drinkers. Our study also shows how the effects of alcohol in the breast can be modified by other factors, such as smoking.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Alcohol, tobacco, and mammographic density: a population-based study

Cabanes

Pastor-Barriuso

García-López

et al. 2011

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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“…There is higher mammographic density in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, when the progesterone level increases, compared with the follicular phase (33)(34)(35). In studies on the increased cancer risk associated with hormonal replacement therapy, the mammographic density was shown to have a greater increase when using combined estrogen and progestin therapy compared with using estrogen alone (36)(37)(38). These results support the association of breast density with ovarian function.…”

Section: Association Of Density Change With Agementioning

confidence: 71%

Decrease in Breast Density in the Contralateral Normal Breast of Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: MR Imaging Evaluation

Chen¹,

Nie²,

Bahri³

et al. 2010

Radiology

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Purpose:To investigate the change of breast density with quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the contralateral normal breast of patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Materials and Methods:This study was approved by the institutional review board and was HIPAA compliant. Informed consent was obtained. Fifty-four patients with breast cancer (mean age, 47 years; age range, 30-74 years) treated with NAC protocol and enrolled in a breast MR imaging research study were studied. The density in the contralateral normal breast was analyzed by using an MR imaging-based segmentation method. The effect of chemotherapy on the change of density following the doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) and the AC and taxane regimen was evaluated. The dependence on age was investigated by using a multivariate regression model. Results:In patients who underwent both AC and taxane follow-up, the mean percentage of change from the individual's baseline density was 2 10% (95% confi dence interval: 2 12.8%, 2 7.2%) after AC and 2 12.7% (95% confi dence interval: 2 16%, 2 9.4%) after AC and taxane. In patients who underwent both follow-up studies after one to two and four cycles of AC, the mean percentage of change was 2 9.4% (95% confi dence interval: 2 13.5 %, 2 5.3%) after one to two cycles of AC and 2 14.7% (95% confi dence interval: 2 20.6%, 2 8.7%) after four cycles of AC. The percentage reduction of density was signifi cantly dependent on age. Patients younger than 40 years had a greater reduction after chemotherapy than patients older than 55 years ( P = .01). Conclusion:By using three-dimensional MR imaging, patients receiving chemotherapy showed reduction of breast density, and the effects were signifi cant after initial treatment with one to two cycles of the AC regimen.q RSNA, 2010

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“…Physical activity may influence mammographic density by favorably changing certain hormones that may be associated with mammographic density, such as sex steroid hormones. Many published studies have shown an effect of exogenous estrogens on increasing mammographic density (19), however, the only published study that examined the association between mammographic density and endogenous estrogens observed no association between total estradiol and percent density in both pre-and postmenopausal women, and an inverse association between free estradiol and percent dense tissue in postmenopausal women (20). The hypothesized mechanism of physical activity influencing mammographic density via sex hormone changes applies especially to obese postmenopausal women, who have higher levels of sex hormone concentrations than leaner postmenopausal women, due to the formation of estrogens in fatty tissue (10,21,22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-diagnosis physical activity and mammographic density in breast cancer survivors

Irwin

Aiello

McTiernan

et al. 2005

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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Purpose-To investigate the association between physical activity (PA) and mammographic density in the year before diagnosis in a population-based sample of 474 women diagnosed with stage 0-IIIA breast cancer and enrolled in the Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle Study.Methods-We collected information on PA during an interview administered at a baseline visit scheduled within the first year after diagnosis. Participants recalled the type, duration, and frequency of different PAs for the year prior to their diagnosis. Dense area and percent density were estimated, from mammograms imaged approximately one year before diagnosis, as a continuous measure using a computer-assisted software program. Analysis of covariance methods were used to obtain mean density across PA tertiles adjusted for confounders. We stratified analyses by menopausal status and body mass index (BMI) because these factors strongly influence density.Results-We observed a statistically significant decline in mammographic dense area (p for trend = 0.046) and percent density (p for trend = 0.026) with increasing level of sports/recreational PA in postmenopausal women with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 . Conversely, in premenopausal women with a BMI < 30 kg/m 2 , we observed a statistically significant increase in percent density with increasing level of sports/recreational PA (p for trend = 0.037).Conclusions-Both mammographic dense area and percent density are inversely related to level of sports/recreational PA in obese postmenopausal women. Increasing PA among obese postmenopausal women may be a reasonable intervention approach to reduce mammographic density.

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Postmenopausal hormone therapy and mammographic breast density

Cited by 25 publications

References 38 publications

Alcohol, tobacco, and mammographic density: a population-based study

Alcohol, tobacco, and mammographic density: a population-based study

Decrease in Breast Density in the Contralateral Normal Breast of Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: MR Imaging Evaluation

Pre-diagnosis physical activity and mammographic density in breast cancer survivors

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