Postmortem redistribution of THC in the pig

Brunet, Bertrand; Hauet, Thierry; Hébrard, William; Papet, Yves; Mauco, Gérard; Mura, Patrick

doi:10.1007/s00414-009-0403-2

Cited by 52 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…3) Autopsy 24 h after death. Each group comprised of 3 rabbits with the sample size based on previous animal studies of postmortem redistribution [17][18][19][20]. Time points were selected in order to look at rapid postmortem changes and the effects of postmortem changes over 24 h. The experiments were performed in accordance with the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postmortem redistribution of the heroin metabolites morphine and morphine-3-glucuronide in rabbits over 24 h

Maskell

Albeishy²,

Paoli

et al. 2015

Int J Legal Med

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The interpretation of postmortem drug levels is complicated by changes in drug blood levels in the postmortem period, a phenomena known as postmortem drug redistribution. We investigated the postmortem redistribution of the heroin metabolites morphine and morphine-3-glucuronide in a rabbit model. Heroin (1mg/kg) was injected into anesthetised rabbit, after 1 hour an auricular vein blood sample was taken and the rabbit was euthanised. Following death rabbits were placed in a supine position at room temperature and divided into 3 groups namely 1) immediate autopsy, 2) autopsy after 30 minutes and 3) autopsy 24 h after death. Various samples which included femoral

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postmortem redistribution of the heroin metabolites morphine and morphine-3-glucuronide in rabbits over 24 h

Maskell

Albeishy²,

Paoli

et al. 2015

Int J Legal Med

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“…Although the drug's acute toxicity is regarded to be low, analysis of major cannabinoids in fatalities having legal implications is important. Currently, in vivo distribution of D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has widely been studied in animal models [3][4][5][6]; however, only a single report is available on the determination of THC from human specimens [7]. THC was present in all fluid and tissue samples except urine with low concentrations in whole blood and liver and higher concentrations in the kidneys, muscle tissue and brain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary investigation on the distribution of cannabinoids in man

Gronewold

Skopp

2011

Forensic Science International

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“…The psychoactive metabolite (11-OH-Δ 9 -THC) could be found only in liver samples collected 30 minutes and two hours following Δ 9 -THC administration, respectively, whereas the inactive one (11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ 9 -THC) could not be quantified in any of the collected tissues. In a more recent report performed by the same research group (Brunet et al, 2010) and aimed at studying the post mortem redistribution of Δ 9 -THC in the pig for forensic purposes, 15 Large White pigs (weight range 29-50 kg) were treated i.v. with 200 µg THC/kg b.w.…”

Section: Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11-OH-Δ 9 -THC), and the studies on Δ 9 -THC distribution in i.v. dosed pigs (Brunet et al, 2006(Brunet et al, , 2010, the presence of residues of such chemicals in fat and in other edible tissues or animal products (e.g. eggs) from food-producing species fed with hemp products can not be excluded.…”

Section: Transfer From Feed To Food Of Animal Originmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human health related to the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in milk and other food of animal origin

2015

EFS2

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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks for human health related to the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in milk and other food of animal origin. THC, more precisely delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) is derived from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. In fresh plant material, up to 90 % of total Δ 9 -THC is present as the non-psychoactive precursor Δ 9 -THC acid. Since few data on ∆ 9 -THC levels in foods of animal origin were available, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) estimated acute human dietary exposure to ∆ 9 -THC combining different scenarios for the presence of ∆ 9 -THC in hemp seed-derived feed materials. Acute exposure to ∆ 9 -THC from the consumption of milk and dairy products ranged between 0.001 and 0.03 µg/kg body weight (b.w.) per day in adults, and 0.006 and 0.13 µg/kg b.w. per day in toddlers. From human data, the CONTAM Panel concluded that 2.5 mg Δ 9 -THC/day, corresponding to 0.036 mg Δ 9 -THC/kg b.w. per day, represents the lowest observed adverse effect level. By applying an overall uncertainty factor of 30, an acute reference dose (ARfD) of 1 μg Δ 9 -THC/kg b.w. was derived. The exposure estimates are at most 3 % and 13 % the ARfD, in adults and toddlers, respectively. The CONTAM Panel concluded that exposure to ∆ 9 -THC via consumption of milk and dairy products, resulting from the use of hemp seed-derived feed materials at the reported concentrations, is unlikely to pose a health concern. A risk assessment resulting from the use of whole hemp plant-derived feed materials is currently not feasible due to a lack of occurrence data. The CONTAM Panel could also not conclude on the possible risks to public health from exposure to ∆ 9 -THC via consumption of animal tissues and eggs, due to a lack of data on the potential transfer and fate of ∆ 9 -THC. Tetrahydrocannabinol, more precisely delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) is the most relevant constituent derived from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Four stereoisomers of Δ 9 -THC are possible, with (-)-trans-Δ 9 -THC being the only naturally occurring isomer. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, which is found in the growing and harvested plant, is the biosynthetic precursor of Δ 9 -THC. Besides 2-COOH-Δ 9 -THC, which in this opinion is referred to as Δ 9 -THCA-A, another positional isomer, 4-COOH-Δ 9 -THC, denoted as Δ 9-THCA-B, may also occur in the hemp plant. In fresh plant material of C. sativa, up to 90 % of the 'total' Δ 9 -THC is present as the non-psychoactive precursor Δ 9 -THCA-A. The rate and extent of transformation of the precursor acids into Δ 9 -THC in the plant material is dependent on physical effects, in particular temperature. In addition to Δ 9 -THC, C. sativa preparations may contain at least 60 other cannabinoids, several of which are biologically active. This risk assessment does not evaluate the exposure and associated risks of cannabis used as a medicinal drug or for recreational purposes, but as requested in the ter...

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Postmortem redistribution of THC in the pig

Cited by 52 publications

References 30 publications

Postmortem redistribution of the heroin metabolites morphine and morphine-3-glucuronide in rabbits over 24 h

Postmortem redistribution of the heroin metabolites morphine and morphine-3-glucuronide in rabbits over 24 h

A preliminary investigation on the distribution of cannabinoids in man

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human health related to the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in milk and other food of animal origin

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